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EPPP > Research Design > Flashcards

Research Design Flashcards

1
Q

What design has at least one manipulated IV and subjects are randomly assigned?

A

True Experimental Design

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2
Q

What design has at least one manipulated IV, and subjects are not randomly assigned

A

Quasi-Experimental Design

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3
Q

What design has no manipulation of an independent variable?

A

Non-experimental, observational or passive design

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4
Q

How do you eliminate the possible carryover effects in “within-subject design”?

A

Counterbalancing
(Latin square = how you can do counterbalancing)

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5
Q

Difference between idiographic and nomothetic

A

Idiographic: single-subject approach
Nomothetic: group approached

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6
Q

What is the significant problem associated with a single-subject design called that results in highly correlated data from measuring the same person repeatedly?

A

autocorrelation

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7
Q

What single-subject design has a baseline and then a treatment phase?

A

AB Design

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8
Q

What’s a threat to an AB Design & what does it mean?

A

The threat of history which is when something co-occurs at the time of research that impacts the outcomes of the research

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9
Q

Explain the process of an ABAB Design

A

When a single study research design starts with a baseline phase, then a treatment phase, then a return to baseline phase and then another treatment phase

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10
Q

What does an ABAB design protect against?

A

A threat of history

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11
Q

What single subject design could have problems with the ethics & a failure of returning to baseline?

A

ABAB Design

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12
Q

What single subject design helps you try out two different treatments at once?

A

Simultaneous (alternating) treatment design

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13
Q

What single-subject design is when the treatment is done sequentially, across either subjects, settings or behaviours

A

Multiple Baseline Design

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14
Q

What design resolves the problems found in AB & ABAB designs?

A

Multiple Baseline Design

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15
Q

What would the single-subject design be called if a researcher set a criterion of 8 cups per day and then over time, changed it to 6 cups per day to eventually no cups at all

A

Changing Criterion Design

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16
Q

What type of sampling measurement do you use when a behaviour is not discrete?

A

Time sampling

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17
Q

What’s momentary time sampling?

A

Only recording a behaviour that it is present or absent at the precise moment that the interval ends

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18
Q

What’s whole interval sampling?

A

Observed for the entire interval and only received a checkmark if the target behaviour is exhibited for the full duration of the interval

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19
Q

What type of sampling will tally the number of times a target behaviour occurs or doesn’t occur? It’s also a sampling best for discrete behaviours or ones that don’t happen often.

A

Event Recording

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20
Q

What’s the research called that evaluates treatment under conditions that only resemble or approximate clinical settings where the problems studied are less severe?

A

Analogue Research

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21
Q

What’s it called when you do outcome investigations conducted in clinical settings?

A

Clinical Trials

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22
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

When you research differences across sections (e.g., different ages)

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23
Q

What does the problem of cohort effects mean in cross-sectional research?

A

inherent differences between groups that limit the research being done

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24
Q

What type of research has problems with significant expenses and high dropout rates?

A

Longitudinal Research

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25
Q

What research follows subjects over many years to understand the changes as we age?

A

Longitudinal research

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26
Q

What’s cross-sequential or cohort sequential research?

A

Takes several cross-sections and follows them for a briefer timeframe (e.g., 10 years)

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27
Q

What are sampling procedures?

A

How we select our subjects from the population

28
Q

What type of sampling provides an equal chance of every member of a population being randomly selected?

A

Simple Random Sampling

29
Q

What type of sampling is first divided into strata, and then a random sample of equal size of each strata is selected

A

Stratified Random Sampling

30
Q

Proportional Sampling

A

Individuals are randomly selected in proportion to their representation in the general population

31
Q

What’s sampling called where you pick every 10th person is selected in a way that’s not bias

A

Systematic Sampling

32
Q

What type of sampling involves identifying naturally occurring groups of subjects and randomly selecting certain groups (e.g., classes at a university)

A

Cluster sampling

33
Q

What’s a threat in research design?

A

Something interfering with drawing clear conclusions in research

34
Q

What causes threats to internal validity?

A

Factors other than the IV that may have caused the change to the DV

35
Q

What’s a threat of maturation?

A

Factors that affect a subject’s performance because of the passing of time

36
Q

What’s the best control for a threat of history or maturation?

A

Having a control group within your study

37
Q

What’s a threat of testing or test practicing?

A

it comes from subjects familiarity with the testing that affects scores on repeated testing

38
Q

What’s the best control for Testing or Test Practice threats?

A

Solomon Four Group Design

39
Q

What’s involved in the Solomon Four Group Design?

A

Involves dividing subjects into 4 groups where:
1. one group is measured pre and post and gets the intervention in between
2. second group is measured pre and post but does not get the intervention
3. third group is measured post only and gets the intervention
4. fourth group is measured post only and does not get the intervention

40
Q

What’s an instrumentation threat?

A

Changes in observers or the calibration of equipment that’s causing change other than the subjects themselves

41
Q

The threat of statistical regression or a tendency to the mean

A

is the tendency for extreme scores (scores very much above or below the mean) to become less extreme (closer to the mean) on retesting without any intervention.

42
Q

What’s a very common threat to internal validity?

A

Statistical regression

43
Q

What’s the best way to manage the threat of statistical regression?

A

A control group

44
Q

The threat of selection bias

A

it’s a threat of non-random assignment, when you don’t randomly assign your subjects like using volunteers

45
Q

Threat of Attrition or Experimental Mortality

A

Subjects quitting the experiment and there’s a differential loss of subjects from the groups

46
Q

Threat of Diffusion

A

When the no-treatment group actually gets some of the treatment

47
Q

What’s a threat of construct validity

A

if our treatment was effective, was it the essential components of treatment that caused the results or was it something else (if it’s something else then it was a threat to construct validity)

48
Q

Threat of attention & contact with clients (threat to construct validity)

A

did the treatment group do better because they simply got attention from the therapist

49
Q

Experimental expectancies is also called what?

A

The Rosenthal Effect

50
Q

What is experimental expectancies (Rosenthal Effect)? (threat to construct validity)

A

Unintentional cues or clues given to the subjects about how they should respond by the experimenter

51
Q

How do we control experimenter expectancy threat?

A

keeping the experimenter blind to the control vs non control group

52
Q

Threat of demand characteristics (threat to construct validity)

A

factors in the procedures that suggest how the subject should behave, like telling subjects the medication has side effects and then subjects report more side effects

53
Q

How to control the threat of demand characteristics?

A

Keeping the subjects blind

54
Q

What’s the John Henry Effect or compensatory rivalry? (threat to construct validity)

A

it occurs when the control group tries harder than the experimental group in the spirit of competition

55
Q

What is a threat to external validity?

A

When something interferes with the generalizability - can we generalize from our research situation to people who aren’t participating

56
Q

Threat of sample characteristics (external validity)

A

The volunteers of the research are somehow different than the rest of the population

57
Q

Threat of stimulus characteristics (external validity)

A

the setup of the artificial research not meeting the same characteristics as naturalistic settings

58
Q

What’s an example of a contextual characteristics threat to external validity

A

Reactivity which is when subjects behave in a certain way just because they are participating in the research and are being observed

59
Q

the Hawthorne effect is an example of what type of threat to external validity.

A

Contextual characteristics

60
Q

Threat of low power to statistical conclusion validity

A

diminishing the ability to find significant results like small sample sizes or inadequate interventions

61
Q

Threat of unreliability of measures to statistical conclusion validity

A

The measures are unreliable

62
Q

Threat of variability in procedures to statistical conclusion validity

A

inconsistency of treatment procedures

63
Q

Threat of subject heterogeneity

A

It’s when during research where the goal is to look for differences, the greater the subject variability/diversity/heterogeneity the less likelihood of finding significance

64
Q

What two concepts minimize moat threats to internal validity but then what’s the tradeoff?

A

using a control group and random assignment
the more controlled or precise the experiment is, the less generalizable it will be

65
Q

The greater the internal validity, the lower the _____ _______

A

external validity

EPPP (12 decks)

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