RESEARCH

Question 1

what does Regression mean?

Answer 1

All Variables examined are continuous( makes assumption of which variable is influencing other)

(think one variable causes the other to regress)

Question 2

what does Linear Regression mean?

Answer 2

Degree of dependence between one variable on another

Question 3

when all variables are categorical, looks at if 2 distributions differ from each other

Answer 3

Chi-square

Question 4

compares mean values of continuous variable between 2 groups

Answer 4

T-test

Question 5

compares mean values of continuous variable between 3+ groups

Answer 5

ANOVA

think: A nova comet hits 3 mean(angry) groups

Question 6

this study type looks at a group of different people at one moment in time

Answer 6

cross-sectional study

Question 7

this study follows a subset of the population over a lifetime

Answer 7

cohort study

lifetime COuples HORT “hurt”

Question 8

group of people that share a commone characteristic (example: people born and exposed to same polutant)

Answer 8

cohort

think COuples have somethinig in common

Question 9

cohort that looks back at events that have already taken place

Answer 9

retrospective cohort design

Question 10

cohort that follows a group of individuals over a period of time

Answer 10

Prospective cohort design

Question 11

type of study in which, data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time

Answer 11

longitudinal study

Question 12

type of observational study in which 2 groups differ in outcome and are compared to find causal factor
(Ex. comparing
people with the disease
with those who don’t but are otherwise similar)

Answer 12

Case-Control study

Question 13

Highly controlled interventional study

Answer 13

Clinical trial

Question 14

people studied randomly given one of treatments under study, used to test efficacy/side effects of medical interventions like drugs. Gold
standard for a clinical trial

Answer 14

Randomized controlled trial

Question 15

Type of study that involves the manipulation of variables (independent and dependent)

Answer 15

Experimental study

Question 16

is similar to an experimental

design but lacks random assignment.

Answer 16

Quasi-Experimental design

Question 17

in this type of study there is no interference or manipulation of variables

Answer 17

Observational

Question 18

what dos a correlation coefficient that is below -1 mean?

Answer 18

Likely the result of an error

Question 19

what does “regression to the mean” mean?

Answer 19

phenomenon in which scores become more average overtime

Question 20

(type of validity) Whether results of the study can be generalized to other situations

Answer 20

external validity

Question 21

(type of validity)extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted

Answer 21

internal validity

Question 22

type of external validity which describes how well the sample used can be extrapolated to a population as a whole. “Generalizability”

Answer 22

Population validity

Question 23

type of external validity which looks at the testing environment and determines how much it influences behavior

Answer 23

Ecological validity

Question 24

measures how
well a test matches up with a
benchmark test, which is usually another valid measure of the same
construct

Answer 24

Concurrent Validity

Question 25

tests that constructs that are expected to be related

are, in fact, related

Answer 25

Convergent Validity

Question 26

is a third variable in an experiment that could provide an alternative explanation to the relationship between the variables of interest

Answer 26

confounding variable

Question 27

variable that is measured but independently manipulated

Answer 27

Dependent variable

Question 28

variable that is directly manipulated by researcher

Answer 28

Independent variable

Question 29

identify the Independent and dependent variable: “children with parents who smoke are more likely to smoke”

Answer 29

Independent: Children w/ smoking parents and Children w/ non-smoking parents

Dependent: Children smoking

Question 30

is the degree to which
an assessment tool produces stable and consistent
results. CONSISTENT RESULTS WITH REPEATED EXPERIMENT

Answer 30

reliabilty

Question 31

time related confounding variables

Answer 31

Temporal Confounds

Question 32

consistency when two

different people measure the same thing,

Answer 32

Inter-rater reliability

Question 33

what are the non-experimental study designs?

Answer 33

Phenomenological
Observational
Longitudinal 
Ethnographic
Case study
Archival(biographical) 
Twin 

“POLECAT”

Question 34

what are the 4 things that make a study an experimental design?

Answer 34

1) experimental and control group
2) Random sampling
3) Random group assignment
4) Control extraneous variables

Question 35

Non experimental design: observational cultural study

Answer 35

Ethnographic

Question 36

Non experimental design: uses historical records to understand events

Answer 36

Archival(biographical)

Question 37

Non experimental design: Understand conscious experience from first person perspective

Answer 37

Phenominological

Question 38

Non experimental design: long term study, that takes measurements at different time intervals

Answer 38

Longitudinal

Question 39

what does a positive (R value) correlation mean?

Answer 39

one variable(increases while other increases)

Question 40

what does a negative (R value) correlation mean?

Answer 40

one variable increases while other decreases

Question 41

This value tells us the odds of correlation happening by chance

Answer 41

P-test

Question 42

what p value tells us that our data is valid and the odds of a correlation happening by chance are really low.

Answer 42

less than .05