Brain and structures

Question 1

what does the Forbrain, Midbrian, and Hindbrain become?

Answer 1

Forebrain= cerebrum

midbrain=midbrain

hindbrain= pons/medulla/cerebellum

Question 2

efferent neurons of the PNS synapse on control skeletal

muscle

Answer 2

Lower Motor Neurons(LMN)

Question 3

abnormalities of the LMN

Answer 3

lower motor signs

Question 4

what are 4 examples of Lower motor signs

Answer 4

1) Atrophy
2) Fasciculations (involunatry twitching
3) Hypotonia (decrease in muscle tone)
4) Hypoflexia (decreased muscle stretch reflex)

Question 5

where are thermorecptors located?

Answer 5

Skin and Hypothalmus

Question 6

How is kicking your leg in response to a spider different from the muscle stretch reflex?

Answer 6

kicking leg-

1) information travels to spinal chord through afferent axons(somatosensory)
2) then efferent motor neuron travel to muscle to make it kick

stretch reflex

1) information travels to spinal chord through afferent axons(somatosensory)
2) afferent axon back to same muscle that was stretched

Question 7

what is white matter made of?

Answer 7

myelinated axons

Question 8

what is gray matter made of ?

Answer 8

neuron somas

Question 9

what is an upper motor neuron?

Answer 9

they synapse to the LMNs(in the brain stem and spinal chord

Question 10

collection of axons that start in the cerebral cortex and travel down brainstem to spinal chord

Answer 10

Corticospinal tract

Question 11

collection of axons that start in the cerebral cortex and stop at the brainstem

Answer 11

corticobulbar tract

Question 12

what are 4 upper motor signs?

Answer 12

1)hyperflexia (increase muscle stretch reflex)
2)Clonus
(rythmic antagonist muscle contractions)
3)Hypertonia(increased muscle tone)
4)Extensor Plantor Response(Babinski reflex)

Question 13

Neuron somas scattered throughout brianstem

big role in controlling autonomic functions

Answer 13

reticular formation

Question 14

collection of neurons that connect cerebrum and brain stem

Answer 14

long tracts

uppermotor neurons (efferent) and somatosensory(affarent)

Question 15

what are the structures of the brainstem

Answer 15

Pons
Retcular formation
madulla

Acronym: Palov’s Really Fricken Mad

Question 16

brainstem structure involved in motivation and alertness

Answer 16

Reticular Formation

acronym: getting tickled

Question 17

brainstem structure involved in relaxation and dreaming

Answer 17

pons

“dreamy relaxing ponds”

Question 18

brainstem structure involved in regulating autonomic actiivity of heart and lungs

Answer 18

Medulla

Question 19

controls the pituitary gland

Answer 19

hypothalmus

Question 20

what is the most common excititory neurotransmitter? where is it released from?

Answer 20

Glutamate

Reticular activating system

Question 21

what are the most common inhibitory Neurotransmitters?

Answer 21

GABA(brain)

GLycine(spinal chord)

Question 22

where is acetycholine released from?

and what is it released to?

what other popular function does Acetycholine play

Answer 22

from nuclei (Basilis and septal nuclei ) in frontal lobe

to Cerebral cortex

allows you to contract muscles

Question 23

nor-epinephrine is released from____ to____

Answer 23

1) Locus Coeruleus(pons)

2) Cerebral cortex

Question 24

where is seretonin released from___

Answer 24

Raphe Nuclei (brian stem)

Question 25

what to areas release Dopamine?

Answer 25

VTA

Substantia nigra

Question 26

what is the root cause of parkinson’s disease?

Answer 26

low levels Dopamine

Substamtia nigra is unable to send dopamine to basal ganglia

Question 27

what is the mesocortical pathway

what is it assosicated with?

Answer 27

the pathway in which VTA releases dopamine to prefrontal cortex

-associated with cognition, affect, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 28

what is the mesolimbic pathway?

what is it associated with?

Answer 28

the pathway in which the VTA releases dopamine to the nuclues accombens, amygdala and hippocampus

associated with reward, motivation, and many of the
positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 29

2 modern imaging tools used to look at brain structure

Answer 29

CAT (computur axial Tomography)

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Question 30

2 modern ways we look at brain function

Answer 30

EEG (electroencephalagram)

MEG(magnetoencephalgram) aka SQUIDS

Question 31

2 modern ways we look at brain function and structure

Answer 31

fMRI

PET(positron Emission Tomography)