Brain and structures Flashcards
what does the Forbrain, Midbrian, and Hindbrain become?
Forebrain= cerebrum
midbrain=midbrain
hindbrain= pons/medulla/cerebellum
efferent neurons of the PNS synapse on control skeletal
muscle
Lower Motor Neurons(LMN)
abnormalities of the LMN
lower motor signs
what are 4 examples of Lower motor signs
1) Atrophy
2) Fasciculations (involunatry twitching
3) Hypotonia (decrease in muscle tone)
4) Hypoflexia (decreased muscle stretch reflex)
where are thermorecptors located?
Skin and Hypothalmus
How is kicking your leg in response to a spider different from the muscle stretch reflex?
kicking leg-
1) information travels to spinal chord through afferent axons(somatosensory)
2) then efferent motor neuron travel to muscle to make it kick
stretch reflex
1) information travels to spinal chord through afferent axons(somatosensory)
2) afferent axon back to same muscle that was stretched
what is white matter made of?
myelinated axons
what is gray matter made of ?
neuron somas
what is an upper motor neuron?
they synapse to the LMNs(in the brain stem and spinal chord
collection of axons that start in the cerebral cortex and travel down brainstem to spinal chord
Corticospinal tract
collection of axons that start in the cerebral cortex and stop at the brainstem
corticobulbar tract
what are 4 upper motor signs?
1)hyperflexia (increase muscle stretch reflex)
2)Clonus
(rythmic antagonist muscle contractions)
3)Hypertonia(increased muscle tone)
4)Extensor Plantor Response(Babinski reflex)
Neuron somas scattered throughout brianstem
big role in controlling autonomic functions
reticular formation
collection of neurons that connect cerebrum and brain stem
long tracts
uppermotor neurons (efferent) and somatosensory(affarent)
what are the structures of the brainstem
Pons
Retcular formation
madulla
Acronym: Palov’s Really Fricken Mad
brainstem structure involved in motivation and alertness
Reticular Formation
acronym: getting tickled
brainstem structure involved in relaxation and dreaming
pons
“dreamy relaxing ponds”
brainstem structure involved in regulating autonomic actiivity of heart and lungs
Medulla
controls the pituitary gland
hypothalmus
what is the most common excititory neurotransmitter? where is it released from?
Glutamate
Reticular activating system
what are the most common inhibitory Neurotransmitters?
GABA(brain)
GLycine(spinal chord)
where is acetycholine released from?
and what is it released to?
what other popular function does Acetycholine play
from nuclei (Basilis and septal nuclei ) in frontal lobe
to Cerebral cortex
allows you to contract muscles
nor-epinephrine is released from____ to____
1) Locus Coeruleus(pons)
2) Cerebral cortex
where is seretonin released from___
Raphe Nuclei (brian stem)
what to areas release Dopamine?
VTA
Substantia nigra
what is the root cause of parkinson’s disease?
low levels Dopamine
Substamtia nigra is unable to send dopamine to basal ganglia
what is the mesocortical pathway
what is it assosicated with?
the pathway in which VTA releases dopamine to prefrontal cortex
-associated with cognition, affect, and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
what is the mesolimbic pathway?
what is it associated with?
the pathway in which the VTA releases dopamine to the nuclues accombens, amygdala and hippocampus
associated with reward, motivation, and many of the
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
2 modern imaging tools used to look at brain structure
CAT (computur axial Tomography)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
2 modern ways we look at brain function
EEG (electroencephalagram)
MEG(magnetoencephalgram) aka SQUIDS
2 modern ways we look at brain function and structure
fMRI
PET(positron Emission Tomography)
