Reproductive Flashcards
Polycystic ovary syndrome is two of the following….
- Irregular ovulation
- Elevated androgen levels
- Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with…(2)
- Insulin resistance
- Excessive insulin and androgens
Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (8)
- Irregular menstrual cycle
- Infertility
- Hirsutism
- Thinning hair
- Acne
- Weight gain
- Skin tags
- Depression and anxiety
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Cyclic physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships, or interfere with usual activities
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
-Severe, sometimes disabling extension of PMS
PMDD is treated with what?
-Anti-depressants
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
-Acute inflammatory process caused by infection
PID is treated with what?
Rapid empiric treatment to prevent complications
Pelvic Organ Prolapse can occur to what organs?
- Bladder
- Urethra
- Rectum
Uterine Prolapse
-Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal or completely through the vagina
-Uterine prolapse Grade 1
Not treated unless it causes discomfort
Uterine Prolapse Grades 2 and 3
- Cause feeling of fullness, heaviness, and collapse through the vagina
- Kegel exercises
- Surgery
What is a main cause of Uterine Prolapse?
-Constant constipation
Cystocele definition (2)
- Bladder prolapse
- Associated with childbirth
Rectocele (2)
- Rectum prolapse
- Genetic an familial predisposition
Cystocele may result from…(3)
- Heavy lifting
- Straining muscles during childbirth
- Repeated straining during bowel movements
Benign Ovarian Cyst Symptoms (4)
- Pelvic pain
- Pain with intercourse
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Lengthened, shortened, absent mensural cycle
What is the marker that may detect ovarian cancer
Ca-125
Leiomyomas are also known as
Uterine fibrois
Leiomyomas cause….(3)
- Abnormal uterine bleeding
- Pain
- Pressure on nearby structures
Endometriosis definition
-Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus
Endometriosis treatment includes (3)
- Prevent progression
- Alleviate pain
- Restore fertility
Cervical cancer is almost always caused by what?
HPV infection
Does cervical cancer patients show symptoms?
No, they are typically asymptomatic
How to screen for cervical cancer? (2)
- Routine pap smears
- HPV testing
Vaginal cancer (2)
- Rare
- Associated with high-risk HPVs
Vulvar cancer is associated with…(3)
- HPV
- Increasing age
- Previous immunosuppression
Endometrial cancer (5)
- Most common type of uterine cancer
- Primary risk factor is unopposed (without progesterone) estrogen exposure
- Associated with type 2 diabetes
- Postmenopausal women
- Manifested by abnormal vaginal bleeding
Ovarian cancer (4)
- Accounts of the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive reproductive tract
- Older women
- Usually no early symptoms
Ovarian cancer has mutations in what genes
BRCA1 and BRCA 2
Breast cancer risk factors
- Never being pregnant. -Decreased physical activity
- Early menarche -Genetics
- Late menopause
- Nullparity
- Hormone replacement therapy
- IGFs
- Oral contraceptives
- Increased breast density
- Radiation
- Diet
- Obesity
- Environmental chemicals
Symptoms of Breast Cancer (4)
- First sign painless lump
- Enlarged axillary lymph nodes
- Dimpling of skin
- Nipple discharge
Treatment of Breast Cancer
- Surgery
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Hormone production
- Biologic therapy
Penile Cancer (2)
- Rare
- Circumcision at birth decreases risk
Testicular Cancer
- Highly treatable
- Young and middle aged men
- First sign painless testicular enlargement
Prostatitis (3)
- Acute bacterial prostatitis
- Acute onset
- Same symptoms as UTI
Benign Postatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (4)
- Enlargement of prostate gland
- Symptoms associated with urethral compression
- Digital rectal exam
- Teated with medications to shrink prostate
BPH Symptoms (3)
- Difficulty starting to urinate
- Weak stream
- Dibbling at end of urination
Prostate Cancer
- Third leading cause of cancer death
- Usually good prognosis even without treatment
- Often asymptomatic
Prostate cancer symptoms (2)
- Similar to BPH
- Blood in the urine
If prostate cancer moves beyond the prostate gland a man may experience…(3)
- Pain in the back, hips, thighs, shoulders
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is diagnosed with
Prostate bioposy
