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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome is two of the following….

A
  • Irregular ovulation
  • Elevated androgen levels
  • Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
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2
Q

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with…(2)

A
  • Insulin resistance

- Excessive insulin and androgens

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3
Q

Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (8)

A
  • Irregular menstrual cycle
  • Infertility
  • Hirsutism
  • Thinning hair
  • Acne
  • Weight gain
  • Skin tags
  • Depression and anxiety
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4
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Cyclic physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships, or interfere with usual activities

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5
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

A

-Severe, sometimes disabling extension of PMS

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6
Q

PMDD is treated with what?

A

-Anti-depressants

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7
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

-Acute inflammatory process caused by infection

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8
Q

PID is treated with what?

A

Rapid empiric treatment to prevent complications

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9
Q

Pelvic Organ Prolapse can occur to what organs?

A
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
  • Rectum
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10
Q

Uterine Prolapse

A

-Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal or completely through the vagina

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11
Q

-Uterine prolapse Grade 1

A

Not treated unless it causes discomfort

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12
Q

Uterine Prolapse Grades 2 and 3

A
  • Cause feeling of fullness, heaviness, and collapse through the vagina
  • Kegel exercises
  • Surgery
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13
Q

What is a main cause of Uterine Prolapse?

A

-Constant constipation

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14
Q

Cystocele definition (2)

A
  • Bladder prolapse

- Associated with childbirth

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15
Q

Rectocele (2)

A
  • Rectum prolapse

- Genetic an familial predisposition

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16
Q

Cystocele may result from…(3)

A
  • Heavy lifting
  • Straining muscles during childbirth
  • Repeated straining during bowel movements
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17
Q

Benign Ovarian Cyst Symptoms (4)

A
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pain with intercourse
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
  • Lengthened, shortened, absent mensural cycle
18
Q

What is the marker that may detect ovarian cancer

A

Ca-125

19
Q

Leiomyomas are also known as

A

Uterine fibrois

20
Q

Leiomyomas cause….(3)

A
  • Abnormal uterine bleeding
  • Pain
  • Pressure on nearby structures
21
Q

Endometriosis definition

A

-Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus

22
Q

Endometriosis treatment includes (3)

A
  • Prevent progression
  • Alleviate pain
  • Restore fertility
23
Q

Cervical cancer is almost always caused by what?

A

HPV infection

24
Q

Does cervical cancer patients show symptoms?

A

No, they are typically asymptomatic

25
Q

How to screen for cervical cancer? (2)

A
  • Routine pap smears

- HPV testing

26
Q

Vaginal cancer (2)

A
  • Rare

- Associated with high-risk HPVs

27
Q

Vulvar cancer is associated with…(3)

A
  • HPV
  • Increasing age
  • Previous immunosuppression
28
Q

Endometrial cancer (5)

A
  • Most common type of uterine cancer
  • Primary risk factor is unopposed (without progesterone) estrogen exposure
  • Associated with type 2 diabetes
  • Postmenopausal women
  • Manifested by abnormal vaginal bleeding
29
Q

Ovarian cancer (4)

A
  • Accounts of the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive reproductive tract
  • Older women
  • Usually no early symptoms
30
Q

Ovarian cancer has mutations in what genes

A

BRCA1 and BRCA 2

31
Q

Breast cancer risk factors

A
  • Never being pregnant. -Decreased physical activity
  • Early menarche -Genetics
  • Late menopause
  • Nullparity
  • Hormone replacement therapy
  • IGFs
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Increased breast density
  • Radiation
  • Diet
  • Obesity
  • Environmental chemicals
32
Q

Symptoms of Breast Cancer (4)

A
  • First sign painless lump
  • Enlarged axillary lymph nodes
  • Dimpling of skin
  • Nipple discharge
33
Q

Treatment of Breast Cancer

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
  • Hormone production
  • Biologic therapy
34
Q

Penile Cancer (2)

A
  • Rare

- Circumcision at birth decreases risk

35
Q

Testicular Cancer

A
  • Highly treatable
  • Young and middle aged men
  • First sign painless testicular enlargement
36
Q

Prostatitis (3)

A
  • Acute bacterial prostatitis
  • Acute onset
  • Same symptoms as UTI
37
Q

Benign Postatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (4)

A
  • Enlargement of prostate gland
  • Symptoms associated with urethral compression
  • Digital rectal exam
  • Teated with medications to shrink prostate
38
Q

BPH Symptoms (3)

A
  • Difficulty starting to urinate
  • Weak stream
  • Dibbling at end of urination
39
Q

Prostate Cancer

A
  • Third leading cause of cancer death
  • Usually good prognosis even without treatment
  • Often asymptomatic
40
Q

Prostate cancer symptoms (2)

A
  • Similar to BPH

- Blood in the urine

41
Q

If prostate cancer moves beyond the prostate gland a man may experience…(3)

A
  • Pain in the back, hips, thighs, shoulders
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
42
Q

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is diagnosed with

A

Prostate bioposy

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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