Reproductive

Question 1

Polycystic ovary syndrome is two of the following….

Answer 1

• Irregular ovulation
• Elevated androgen levels
• Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound

Question 2

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with…(2)

Answer 2

• Insulin resistance

- Excessive insulin and androgens

Question 3

Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (8)

Answer 3

• Irregular menstrual cycle
• Infertility
• Hirsutism
• Thinning hair
• Acne
• Weight gain
• Skin tags
• Depression and anxiety

Question 4

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 4

Cyclic physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships, or interfere with usual activities

Question 5

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Answer 5

-Severe, sometimes disabling extension of PMS

Question 6

PMDD is treated with what?

Answer 6

-Anti-depressants

Question 7

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 7

-Acute inflammatory process caused by infection

Question 8

PID is treated with what?

Answer 8

Rapid empiric treatment to prevent complications

Question 9

Pelvic Organ Prolapse can occur to what organs?

Answer 9

• Bladder
• Urethra
• Rectum

Question 10

Uterine Prolapse

Answer 10

-Descent of the cervix or entire uterus into the vaginal canal or completely through the vagina

Question 11

-Uterine prolapse Grade 1

Answer 11

Not treated unless it causes discomfort

Question 12

Uterine Prolapse Grades 2 and 3

Answer 12

• Cause feeling of fullness, heaviness, and collapse through the vagina
• Kegel exercises
• Surgery

Question 13

What is a main cause of Uterine Prolapse?

Answer 13

-Constant constipation

Question 14

Cystocele definition (2)

Answer 14

• Bladder prolapse

- Associated with childbirth

Question 15

Rectocele (2)

Answer 15

• Rectum prolapse

- Genetic an familial predisposition

Question 16

Cystocele may result from…(3)

Answer 16

• Heavy lifting
• Straining muscles during childbirth
• Repeated straining during bowel movements

Question 17

Benign Ovarian Cyst Symptoms (4)

Answer 17

• Pelvic pain
• Pain with intercourse
• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Lengthened, shortened, absent mensural cycle

Question 18

What is the marker that may detect ovarian cancer

Answer 18

Ca-125

Question 19

Leiomyomas are also known as

Answer 19

Uterine fibrois

Question 20

Leiomyomas cause….(3)

Answer 20

• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Pain
• Pressure on nearby structures

Question 21

Endometriosis definition

Answer 21

-Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus

Question 22

Endometriosis treatment includes (3)

Answer 22

• Prevent progression
• Alleviate pain
• Restore fertility

Question 23

Cervical cancer is almost always caused by what?

Answer 23

HPV infection

Question 24

Does cervical cancer patients show symptoms?

Answer 24

No, they are typically asymptomatic

Question 25

How to screen for cervical cancer? (2)

Answer 25

- Routine pap smears | - HPV testing

Question 26

Vaginal cancer (2)

Answer 26

- Rare | - Associated with high-risk HPVs

Question 27

Vulvar cancer is associated with...(3)

Answer 27

- HPV - Increasing age - Previous immunosuppression

Question 28

Endometrial cancer (5)

Answer 28

- Most common type of uterine cancer - Primary risk factor is unopposed (without progesterone) estrogen exposure - Associated with type 2 diabetes - Postmenopausal women - Manifested by abnormal vaginal bleeding

Question 29

Ovarian cancer (4)

Answer 29

- Accounts of the most deaths of all cancers of the female reproductive reproductive tract - Older women - Usually no early symptoms

Question 30

Ovarian cancer has mutations in what genes

Answer 30

BRCA1 and BRCA 2

Question 31

Breast cancer risk factors

Answer 31

- Never being pregnant. -Decreased physical activity - Early menarche -Genetics - Late menopause - Nullparity - Hormone replacement therapy - IGFs - Oral contraceptives - Increased breast density - Radiation - Diet - Obesity - Environmental chemicals

Question 32

Symptoms of Breast Cancer (4)

Answer 32

- First sign painless lump - Enlarged axillary lymph nodes - Dimpling of skin - Nipple discharge

Question 33

Treatment of Breast Cancer

Answer 33

- Surgery - Radiation - Chemotherapy - Hormone production - Biologic therapy

Question 34

Penile Cancer (2)

Answer 34

- Rare | - Circumcision at birth decreases risk

Question 35

Testicular Cancer

Answer 35

- Highly treatable - Young and middle aged men - First sign painless testicular enlargement

Question 36

Prostatitis (3)

Answer 36

- Acute bacterial prostatitis - Acute onset - Same symptoms as UTI

Question 37

Benign Postatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (4)

Answer 37

- Enlargement of prostate gland - Symptoms associated with urethral compression - Digital rectal exam - Teated with medications to shrink prostate

Question 38

BPH Symptoms (3)

Answer 38

- Difficulty starting to urinate - Weak stream - Dibbling at end of urination

Question 39

Prostate Cancer

Answer 39

- Third leading cause of cancer death - Usually good prognosis even without treatment - Often asymptomatic

Question 40

Prostate cancer symptoms (2)

Answer 40

- Similar to BPH | - Blood in the urine

Question 41

If prostate cancer moves beyond the prostate gland a man may experience...(3)

Answer 41

- Pain in the back, hips, thighs, shoulders - Weight loss - Fatigue

Question 42

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is diagnosed with

Answer 42

Prostate bioposy