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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Chapter 8 & 9 Alterations in Immunity & Infections > Flashcards

Chapter 8 & 9 Alterations in Immunity & Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity (2)

A
  • Refer to excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system that leads to production of antibodies and T-cell responses that causes tissue injury and disease
  • Called hypersensitivity reactions
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2
Q

Types of Hypersensitivity (3)

A
  • Allergy
  • Autoimmunity
  • Alloimmunity
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3
Q

Allergy Hypersensitivity

A

Hypersensitivity to environmental (exogenous) antigens such as medicine, pollens, bee stings

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4
Q

Autoimmunity Hypersensitivity (3)

A
  • Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
  • Immune system usually does not recognize the bodies own antigens
  • However it can develop auto-antibodies or T cell that damage its own tissue
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5
Q

Alloimmunity (2)

A
  • Immune reaction to tissues of another individual

- Blood or organ donation

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6
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity is characterized by….(5)

A
  • Allergy
  • IgE produced in response to exogenous antigens
  • Against environment
  • IgE binds to Fc receptors on surface of mast cells
  • Histamine is then released
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7
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity is characterized by…(2)

A
  • Antigen/antibody

- Tissue-specific reactions

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8
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity is characterized by…(3)

A
  • Antigen/antibody
  • Autoimmunity
  • Immune complex mediated
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9
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity is characterized by…(2)

A
  • Intracellular (organ transplant rejection)

- Cell mediated

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10
Q

Hypersensitivity Process (3)

A
  • Sensitization against an antigen
  • Immune response
  • Second exposure cause symptoms
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11
Q

Hypersensitivity Response (3)

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (several hours and severity occurs later)
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12
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity Manifestations (8)

A
  • Itching
  • Urticaria
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Rhinitis
  • Hypotension
  • Broncospasms
  • Dysrhythmias
  • GI cramps and malabsorption
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13
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity Management (9)

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Tests (food challenges, skin tests, lab tests)
  • Antihistamines
  • Desensitization
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Bronchodilators
  • Anti-leukotrienes
  • Anti-IgE antibody
  • Epinephrine
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14
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity is what specific?

A

Tissue specific

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15
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity Steps (3)

A
  • Cell is destroyed and antibodies (IgG, IgM) and complement. Antibody or complement attaches to cell and destroys
  • Cell destruction through phagocytosis by macrophages
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity NK cells recognize antibodies on target cells and cause target cell malfunction
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16
Q

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity (3)

A
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Goodpasture disease
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17
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity (2)

A
  • Immune complex mediated
  • Antigen/antibody complexes are formed in the circulation and are later deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissues
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18
Q

Difference between Type II and III Hypersensitivity (2)

A
  • II the bond is on the cell surface

- III it is a bond to a soluble antigen in the blood or body fluid and then is deposited in the tissue

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19
Q

Type III Hypersensitivities are what kind of disease and what are examples (3)

A
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Lupus
  • RA
20
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythermatosus (2)

A
  • Chronic multisystem inflammatory disease

- Autoantibodies against (nucleic acid, coagulation proteins, phospholipids, lymphocytes, platelets)

21
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (5)

A
  • Arthralgas or arthritis
  • Vasculitis and rash
  • Renal disease
  • Hematologic changes
  • Cardiovascular disease
22
Q

How to diagnosis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2)

A
  • There are 11 common findings

- At least 4 need to be present

23
Q

Alloimmunity (2)

A
  • Attacks antigens from a different body

- Example is a transplanted organ

24
Q

Universal Donor

25
Type A Blood has what antigen
A
26
Type B Blood has what antigen
B
27
Type AB Blood has what antigens
A and B
28
Type O Blood has what antigen
None
29
Antibodies for blood are formed when and by what immunoglobulin?
- At birth | - From IgM
30
What is the major cause for organ rejection following a transplant?
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
31
MCH molecule are also referred to as...
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)
32
Types of Rejection (3)
- Hyperacute: Immediate - Acute: cell-mediated occurring within days to months - Chronic: occurs after several months or years. Slow organ failure, Weak cell-mediated
33
Graft Reaction Types (3)
- Hyperacute: immediate and rare, preexisting antibody to the antigens of the graft - Acute: Cell-mediated immune response against unmatched HLA antigens - Chronic: Months or years, inflammatory damage to endothelial cells of vessels as a result of a weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA antigens
34
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Pathogenesis (4)
- Genetic information in the form of RNA - Contains reverse transcirptase to convert RNA into double-stranded DNA - Integrase - Attacks DNA and changes it
35
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Manifestations (4)
- Serologically negative, serologically positive but asymptomatic, early stages of HIV or AIDS - Window period - Th cells <200cells/mm - Diagnosis of AIDS is made in association with various clinical conditions
36
HIV Treatment and Prevention (3)
- Highly active antiretroviral I therapy (HAART) reverse transcriptaseinhibitors, protease inhibitors - New Drugs: enhance inhibitors, integrase inhibitors - Vaccine development
37
Infectious Microorganisms (3)
- Virus - Bacteria - Fungi
38
Stages of Infection (5)
- Portal of entry - Spread of infection - Invasion - Multiplication - Spread of disease
39
Clinical Manifestations of Infectious Disease (2)
- Variable depending on the pathogen: directly caused by pathogen - Fever: results from cytokines that are released causing inflammation
40
Steps of Infection (4)
- Incubation - Prodromal - Acute - Convalescent
41
Prodromal Stage of Infection
-Begins to get symptoms
42
Acute Stage of Infection
Begins to feel better but appears more ill because of the bodies immune system
43
Convalescent Stage of Infection
Recovery, patient returns to normal
44
Antibiotic Resistance Steps
1. Bacteria doesn't get killed by antibiotic 2. Bacteria mutates 3. Bacteria can not be killed by antibiotics
45
Antibiotic Resistance
- Body gets used to antibiotics - Antibodies don't work as well - Mutations

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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