Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Chapter 8 & 9 Alterations in Immunity & Infections > Flashcards

Chapter 8 & 9 Alterations in Immunity & Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity (2)

A
  • Refer to excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system that leads to production of antibodies and T-cell responses that causes tissue injury and disease
  • Called hypersensitivity reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of Hypersensitivity (3)

A
  • Allergy
  • Autoimmunity
  • Alloimmunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Allergy Hypersensitivity

A

Hypersensitivity to environmental (exogenous) antigens such as medicine, pollens, bee stings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autoimmunity Hypersensitivity (3)

A
  • Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
  • Immune system usually does not recognize the bodies own antigens
  • However it can develop auto-antibodies or T cell that damage its own tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alloimmunity (2)

A
  • Immune reaction to tissues of another individual

- Blood or organ donation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity is characterized by….(5)

A
  • Allergy
  • IgE produced in response to exogenous antigens
  • Against environment
  • IgE binds to Fc receptors on surface of mast cells
  • Histamine is then released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity is characterized by…(2)

A
  • Antigen/antibody

- Tissue-specific reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity is characterized by…(3)

A
  • Antigen/antibody
  • Autoimmunity
  • Immune complex mediated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity is characterized by…(2)

A
  • Intracellular (organ transplant rejection)

- Cell mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypersensitivity Process (3)

A
  • Sensitization against an antigen
  • Immune response
  • Second exposure cause symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypersensitivity Response (3)

A
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Delayed hypersensitivity reactions (several hours and severity occurs later)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity Manifestations (8)

A
  • Itching
  • Urticaria
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Rhinitis
  • Hypotension
  • Broncospasms
  • Dysrhythmias
  • GI cramps and malabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity Management (9)

A
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Tests (food challenges, skin tests, lab tests)
  • Antihistamines
  • Desensitization
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Bronchodilators
  • Anti-leukotrienes
  • Anti-IgE antibody
  • Epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity is what specific?

A

Tissue specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity Steps (3)

A
  • Cell is destroyed and antibodies (IgG, IgM) and complement. Antibody or complement attaches to cell and destroys
  • Cell destruction through phagocytosis by macrophages
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytoxicity NK cells recognize antibodies on target cells and cause target cell malfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity (3)

A
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Goodpasture disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity (2)

A
  • Immune complex mediated
  • Antigen/antibody complexes are formed in the circulation and are later deposited in vessel walls or extravascular tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Difference between Type II and III Hypersensitivity (2)

A
  • II the bond is on the cell surface

- III it is a bond to a soluble antigen in the blood or body fluid and then is deposited in the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type III Hypersensitivities are what kind of disease and what are examples (3)

A
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Lupus
  • RA
20
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythermatosus (2)

A
  • Chronic multisystem inflammatory disease

- Autoantibodies against (nucleic acid, coagulation proteins, phospholipids, lymphocytes, platelets)

21
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (5)

A
  • Arthralgas or arthritis
  • Vasculitis and rash
  • Renal disease
  • Hematologic changes
  • Cardiovascular disease
22
Q

How to diagnosis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2)

A
  • There are 11 common findings

- At least 4 need to be present

23
Q

Alloimmunity (2)

A
  • Attacks antigens from a different body

- Example is a transplanted organ

24
Q

Universal Donor

A

O

25
Q

Type A Blood has what antigen

A

A

26
Q

Type B Blood has what antigen

A

B

27
Q

Type AB Blood has what antigens

A

A and B

28
Q

Type O Blood has what antigen

A

None

29
Q

Antibodies for blood are formed when and by what immunoglobulin?

A
  • At birth

- From IgM

30
Q

What is the major cause for organ rejection following a transplant?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

31
Q

MCH molecule are also referred to as…

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

32
Q

Types of Rejection (3)

A
  • Hyperacute: Immediate
  • Acute: cell-mediated occurring within days to months
  • Chronic: occurs after several months or years. Slow organ failure, Weak cell-mediated
33
Q

Graft Reaction Types (3)

A
  • Hyperacute: immediate and rare, preexisting antibody to the antigens of the graft
  • Acute: Cell-mediated immune response against unmatched HLA antigens
  • Chronic: Months or years, inflammatory damage to endothelial cells of vessels as a result of a weak cell-mediated reaction against minor HLA antigens
34
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Pathogenesis (4)

A
  • Genetic information in the form of RNA
  • Contains reverse transcirptase to convert RNA into double-stranded DNA
  • Integrase
  • Attacks DNA and changes it
35
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Manifestations (4)

A
  • Serologically negative, serologically positive but asymptomatic, early stages of HIV or AIDS
  • Window period
  • Th cells <200cells/mm
  • Diagnosis of AIDS is made in association with various clinical conditions
36
Q

HIV Treatment and Prevention (3)

A
  • Highly active antiretroviral I therapy (HAART) reverse transcriptaseinhibitors, protease inhibitors
  • New Drugs: enhance inhibitors, integrase inhibitors
  • Vaccine development
37
Q

Infectious Microorganisms (3)

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
38
Q

Stages of Infection (5)

A
  • Portal of entry
  • Spread of infection
  • Invasion
  • Multiplication
  • Spread of disease
39
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Infectious Disease (2)

A
  • Variable depending on the pathogen: directly caused by pathogen
  • Fever: results from cytokines that are released causing inflammation
40
Q

Steps of Infection (4)

A
  • Incubation
  • Prodromal
  • Acute
  • Convalescent
41
Q

Prodromal Stage of Infection

A

-Begins to get symptoms

42
Q

Acute Stage of Infection

A

Begins to feel better but appears more ill because of the bodies immune system

43
Q

Convalescent Stage of Infection

A

Recovery, patient returns to normal

44
Q

Antibiotic Resistance Steps

A
  1. Bacteria doesn’t get killed by antibiotic
  2. Bacteria mutates
  3. Bacteria can not be killed by antibiotics
45
Q

Antibiotic Resistance

A
  • Body gets used to antibiotics
  • Antibodies don’t work as well
  • Mutations

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions