Chapter 4 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards
Cellular Adapation
Reversible response to physiologic and pathologic changes
5 types of adaptive changes
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia
Atrophy (2)
- Decrease in cell size
- Decrease in organ size if enough cells shrink
Atrophy Normal vs. Pathologic
- Normal: early development
- Pathologic: Results from decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal/neural stimulation
Hypertrophy (2)
- Increase in cell size
- Increase in organ size
Hypertrophic physiologic occurance
Results from increased demand, stimulation, hormonal stimulation, growth factors
Hypertrophic pathologic occurance
Results from chronic hemodynamic overload
Hyperplasia (2)
- Increased number of cells
- Increased rate of cellular division
Hyperplasia physiologic occurrence (2)
- Compensatory: enables organs to regenerate
- Hormonal: in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal control
Hyperplasia pathologic occurrence
Abnormal proliferation of normal cells
Dysplasia (3)
- Abnormal changes in size, shape, organization, of mature cells
- May be reversible if triggering stimulus is removed
- Tissue appears disorderly, but is not cancerous
Metaplasia (3)
- Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another
- Associated with tissue damage, repair, regeneration
- Reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Reversible cellular injury
Cells can recover
Irreversible cellular injury
Cells die
Hypoxic injury (7)
- Most common
- Ischemia
- Reduced oxygen
- Decreased hemoglobin
- Decreased RBC production
- Decreased RR
- Oxidative enzyme poisoning
Ischemia-reperfusion injury
Cell injury and death caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen
Free radical and ROS mechanisms (2)
- Cause oxidative stress
- Free radical is electrically undercharged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron that damage lipid peroxidation, protein alteration, DNA, and mitochondria
Chemical or toxic injury mechanisms (7)
- Toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic
- Carbon tetrachloride
- Lead
- CO
- Ethanol
- Mercury
- Social or street drugs
Chemical agents including drugs pertaining to cellular injury mechanisms (3)
- OTC and prescribed drugs
- Opioid abuse
- Medications is the leading cause for children
Environmental Cellular Injury Mechanisms (3)
- Environmental (air pollution)
- Heavy metals (lead cadmium, arsenic, mercury)
- Ethanol (fetal alcohol syndrome)
Unintentional and Intentional Injury Types (5)
- More common among men
- Blunt force injuries
- Sharp force injury
- Gunshot wound
- Asphyxial injury
Blunt force injury (4)
- Mechanical force to the body
- Contusions
- Lacerations
- Fractures
Sharp force injuries (4)
- Incised wound
- Stab wound
- Puncture wound
- Chopping wound
Asphyxial injury (5)
- Cells don’t receive enough oxygen
- Suffocation
- Strangulation
- Chemical (CO)
- Drowning
Infectious Injury (4)
- Pathogenicity of a microorganism
- Invasion and destruction
- Toxin production
- Production of hypersensitivity reactions
Immunologic and inflammatory injury (3)
- Substances generated during inflammatory response
- Phagocytes
- Biochemical substances (histamine, antibodies, lymphokines, complement system products)
- Membrane alterations
