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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Chapter 6 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

First line of defense

A

Physical, mechanical, biochemical barriers

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2
Q

Second line of defense

A

Inflammation

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3
Q

Third line of defense

A

Adaptive immunity (learned)

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4
Q

Physical barriers

A
  • Skin

- Linings of the GI, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts (mucus and cilia trap microorganisms)

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5
Q

How do the lining of the GI, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts expel microorganisms (3)

A
  • Coughing and sneezing
  • Urination
  • Vomiting and defecation
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6
Q

Cell-derivied chemical barriers (3)

A
  • Secrete saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucous
  • Lysosomes attack bacteria
  • Antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria, fungi, viruses
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7
Q

Characteristics of Inflammation (7)

A
  • Occurs in vascularized tissues
  • Activation is rapid
  • Response includes cellular chemical components
  • Nonspecific
  • Produces heat
  • Pain
  • Decreased functioning due to edema
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8
Q

Vascular response of inflammation (5)

A
  • Hemostasis (coagulation)
  • Vasodilation
  • Increased vascular permeability and leakage
  • WBC adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and migration though the vessels
  • Local manifestations
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9
Q

Protective functions (4)

A
  • Prevent and limit infection and further damage
  • Limit and control the inflammatory process
  • Prepare injury for healing and repair
  • Facilitates development of adaptive immune response
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10
Q

Plasma Protein Systems re essential for what and what three systems are a part of them?

A
  • Essential for effective inflammatory response
  • Complement system
  • Clotting system
  • Kinin system
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11
Q

What is the purpose of a fever?

A

Used to kill antigen, too high can cause seizures

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12
Q

Interlukins (ILs) are produced by what and do what? (2)

A
  • Produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to stimulation of PRRRs or by other cytokines
  • Alter behavior of cells
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13
Q

Interleukins (ILs) functions (4)

A
  • Regulation of cell adhesion of molecules
  • Attraction of leukocytes
  • Induction, proliferation, and maturation of leukocytes
  • Enhancement or suppression of immune response
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14
Q

Anti-inflammatory cytokines (3)

A
  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
  • Transforming growth factor-beta
  • Very high levels can be lethal
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15
Q

Interleukin-10 function

A

-Suppresses activation and proliferation other lymphocytes

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16
Q

Transforming growth factor-beta function (2)

A
  • Suppresses activity of lymphocytes

- Downreulates production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

17
Q

Interferons (IFNs) function

A

Protect against viral infections

18
Q

Type 1 Interferons (IFNs) (2)

A
  • Produced and releasably virally infected host cells

- Induce antiviral proteins and protect neighboring healthy cells

19
Q

Type 2 Interfeons (IFNs) (2)

A
  • Produced by lymphocytes

- Activate macrophages and increases capacity to detect and process abnormal cells

20
Q

Mast Cells functions (4)

A
  • Potent activators of inflammatory response
  • Contain granules with biochemical mediators that are release with tissue injury
  • Chemical release in 2 ways (degranulation and synthesis)
  • Act as alarm system
21
Q

Mast Cell Degranulation (4)

A
  • Release of the contents of mast cell granules
  • Mast cells originate in the bone marrow and are derived from the granulocyte line of hematologic cells
  • They contain a large number of granules filled with preformed chemicals
  • The mast cell with release chemical in response to physical injury or immunologic mechanisms
22
Q

Acute Inflammation (2)

A
  • Self-limiting

- 8-10 days

23
Q

Chronic Inflammation (2)

A
  • Initiated if acute proves inadequate

- Lasts weeks to months

24
Q

Histamine is a what?

A

Vasodilator

25
Q

Local manifestations of acute inflammation (3)

A
  • Result from cellular and vascular changes and corresponding leakage of circulating components into the tissue
  • Heat, swelling, redness, pain, loss of function
  • Exudative fluids
26
Q

Systemic manifestations of acute inflammation (3)

A
  • Fever –> caused by exogenous and endogenous, act directly on the hypothalamus
  • Leukocytosis –> increased numbers of circulating leukocytes
  • Increased plasma protein synthesis
27
Q

Diabetes impairs healing by…(2)

A
  • Poor circulation which decreased vasodilation

- Increased blood sugar allows bacteria to feed off extra sugar in blood

28
Q

Types of dysfunctional wound healing (4)

A
  • Ischemia
  • Excessive bleeding
  • Excessive fibrin deposition
  • Predisposing disorders

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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