Chapter 38 GI Flashcards
Upper GI Bleeding Occurs Where
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Duodenum
Lower GI Bleeding Occurs Where?
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Colon
- Rectum
Hematochezia
Bright red stool
Melena
Black/tarry stools
Dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia can occur due to…
- Stroke
- Dementia
- GERD
Symptoms of Dysphagia
- Stabbing pain at level of obstruction
- Discomfort swallowing
- Regurgitation of undigested food
- Unpleasant taste
- Vomiting
- Aspriation
- Weight loss
Dysphagia is managed by
- Eating small meals
- Taking fluid with meals
- Sleeping with head elevated
GERD
Lower sphincter of esophagus does not work
Symptoms of GERD
- Heartburn
- Acid regurgitation
- Dysphagia
- Chronic cough
- Asthma attacks
- Laryngitis
Treatment of GERD
Proton pump inhibitors
Intestinal obstruction prevents what to flow through the intestinal lumen
Chyme
Simple obstruction of intestine
Mechanical blockage of the lumen
Functional obstruction of the intestine
Decreased motility
Occurs after surgery
Signs of small intestinal obstruction
- Colicky pains
- Nausea and vomiting
Signs of large intestinal obstruction
Hypogastric pain and abdominal distention
Gastritis
Inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa
Acute gastritis is caused by what
Injury
Chronic gastritis is caused by
- Chronic fundal gastritis
- Chronic antral gastritis
Symptoms of gastrits
- Anorexia
- Fullness
- Nasuea
- Vomiting
- Epigastric pain
Peptic Ulcer Disease is caused by what
H. Pylori
Asprin and NSAID use
Alcohol
Peptic ulcer disease
-Break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining
Most common ulcer
Duodenal ulcer
Duodenal ulcer symptoms
Intermittent pain in the epigastric area
Management of duodenal ulcer
Relieving the causes and effects of hyperacidity and preventing complications
Gastric ulcer
Food causes pain
Symptoms of gastric ulcer
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea
- Abdominal indigestion
- Vomiting blood
- Unintentional weight loss
- Fatigue
Upper GI has what kind of stool
Black/tarry stool
Ulcerative colitis/Chron’s Disease
Chronic, relapsing inflammatory bowel disorders
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis
- Diarrhea
- Urgency
- Red Bloody stools
- Cramping
Lower GI has what kind of stool
Red and bloody
Diverticula
Herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall
Diverticulosis
Asymptomatic diverticular disease
Diverticulitis
Inflammatory stage of diverticulosis
Cirrhosis
End stage liver disease
Biliary channels become obstructed and cause portal hypertension
Alcoholic liver disease
Toxic effects of alcohol
-Anorexia, nausea, jaundice, and edema
Jaundice is caused by what?
Hyperbilirubinemia
White of eyes
Clay color stool
Portal hypertension
High blood pressure in the portal venous system caused by resistance to portal blood flow
Varices
Vomiting blood
increased mortality rate
What is the most clinical manifestation of people with cirrhosis?
Vomiting blood from bleed esophageal varices
Hepatic encephalopathy
-Increased ammonia level
Hepatic encephalopathy early symptoms
- Subtle changes in personality
- Memory loss
- Irritability
- Lethargy
- Sleep disturbances
Later symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
- Confusion
- Disorientation
- Tremor
- Slow speech
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Most common cause is cirrhosis
Hep B and C are what?
Bloodborne
Hep A is
Fecal oral
Gallstones are formed due to an increase of what?
Cholesterol
You experience symptoms of gallstones when what occurs
Blockage
Cholecystitis
- Inflammation of gallbladder or cystic duct
- Caused by gallstone lodged in cystic duct
Symptoms of cholecystitis
- Fever
- Leukocytosis
- Rebound tenderness
- Muscle guarding
Pancreatitis
-Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis is caused by
An obstruction to the outflow of digestive enzymes
Acute pancreatitis
- Cellular injury from alcohol, drugs, or viral infection
- Epigastric or mid-abdominal constant pain
- Increased lipase and amylase levels
Chronic pancreatitis
- Chronic alcohol abuse
- Intermittent abdominal pain and weight loss
- Risk for pancreatic cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma is from
-Smoking and chronic alcohol use
Adenocarcinoma is caused by
Obesity
GERD
Smoking
Esophagus cancer symptoms
Chest pain and dysphagia
Risk Factors for esophagus cancer
- Age 45-70
- Men
- African Americans
- Diet low in fruits and vegetables
Stomach cancer early symptoms
- Loss of appetite
- Malaise
- Indigestion
Stomach cancer later symptoms
- Unexplained weight loss
- Upper abdominal pain
- Vomiting
- Change in bowel habits
- Anemia
Stomach cancer risk factors
High consumption of salty and preserved foods
Colon and rectal cancer is typically caused by
Genetics
How to test for colon/rectal cancer
Colonoscopy
Risk factors for colon/rectal cancer
-Low fiber diet
What is the highest incidence and number of death of GI cancer
Colon/Rectal
