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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Chapter 7 Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immunity is considered…

A

Learned immunity

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2
Q

Autoimmune attacks what

A

-The body attacks itself

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3
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Identification marker on cell to determine self or non-self

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4
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Cells that fight specific antigens (trained)

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5
Q

Activation of the Immune Response (3)

A
  1. Activation of B and T cells is the recognition of the antigen caused by unique surface receptors
  2. B-cell antigen receptor consists of membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecules
  3. T-cell receptor recognizes a processed antigen peptide in association with a self-recognition protein
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6
Q

Five types of immunoglobulins

A
  • IgA
  • IgD
  • IgE
  • IgG
  • IgM
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7
Q

IgG (4)

A
  • Most abundant
  • Present in the body fluids and enters the tissues
  • Is given from the mother via the placenta
  • Protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids and activates the complement system
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8
Q

IgM (4)

A
  • Cannot cross the placenta
  • First in response to an antigen
  • First antibody type produced by a newborn
  • IgM suggests a current infection in the infant by a specific pathogen
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9
Q

IgA (2)

A
  • Secretory immunoglobulin found in saliva, tears, colostrum, and bronchial, GI, prostatic, and vaginal secretions
  • Primary defense against local infections in the mucosal tissues by preventing the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells
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10
Q

IgE (3)

A
  • Involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parasitic infections
  • Binds to mast cells and basophils
  • Triggers release of histamine
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11
Q

Major histocompatibilitycomplex (MHC) antigen

A

Is recognized by by immune system to determine if cell is self or not

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12
Q

Cell-mediated immunity steps (3)

A
  1. Immune response involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
  2. When activated antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes cause apoptosis in body cells
  3. Macrophages and natural killer cells also destroy intracellular pathogens
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13
Q

Human MHC proteins are called what? and why?

A
  • Human leukocyte antigens

- Because they are first detected on WBCs

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14
Q

Cell-mediated immune response (3)

A
  • Especially important in combating endogenous antigens like those found on infected and malignant cells
  • T-lymphocytes mature into several different types (t cytotoxic cells, T helper cells, lymphokine producing cells, and memory cells)
  • Another type of lymphocyte called the natural killer or NK cell also provides cellular immunity though a nonantigenic recognition of abnormal cells
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15
Q

CD Cells

A
  • The cells of immunity have other molecules called CD molecules which are on their surfaces and have diverse functions.
  • Most important to immunity are T lymphocytes
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16
Q

Types of CD Cells (3)

A
  • CD3: TCR
  • CD4: on T helper cells that binds to MHC if molecules on antigen presenting cells
  • CD8: receptor on T cytotoxic cells that binds to MHC I moleucles
17
Q

Cytokines and the Immune Response (3)

A
  • Low-molecular-weight proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells
  • One group of cytokines mediates inflammation by producing fever and the acute-phase response and by attracting and activating phagocytes
  • Other cytokines are maturation factors for WBCs or RBCs
18
Q

Cytokines that mediate inflammation (3)

A
  • IL-1
  • IL-6
  • TNF
19
Q

Cytokines that are maturation factors for WBCs and RBCs (2)

A
  • IL-3

- Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

20
Q

Complement System (3)

A
  • Mediator of both inane and adaptive immunity that enables the body to produce an inflammatory response, lyse foreign cells, and increase phagocytosis
  • Consists of a group of proteins that normally are present in the circulation as functionally inactive precursors
  • Activation is initiated by antibody bound to antigens on the surface of microbes or through soluble immune complexes
21
Q

Complement System Function (2)

A
  • Induces mast cells

- Produces factors to grow WBCs

22
Q

Function of the complement system (3)

A
  • Major biologic function is opsonization
  • Chemotactic produces trigger an influx of leukocytes
  • Activation of basophils and mast cells occurs
  • Mast cells release inflammatory mediators that produce smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability
  • The late phase of the complement cascade triggers the assembly of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that leads to the lytic destruction of many kinds of cells, including RBCs, platelets, bacteria, and lymphocytes

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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