Chapter 7 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
Adaptive immunity is considered…
Learned immunity
Autoimmune attacks what
-The body attacks itself
What is an antigen?
Identification marker on cell to determine self or non-self
What is an antibody?
Cells that fight specific antigens (trained)
Activation of the Immune Response (3)
- Activation of B and T cells is the recognition of the antigen caused by unique surface receptors
- B-cell antigen receptor consists of membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecules
- T-cell receptor recognizes a processed antigen peptide in association with a self-recognition protein
Five types of immunoglobulins
- IgA
- IgD
- IgE
- IgG
- IgM
IgG (4)
- Most abundant
- Present in the body fluids and enters the tissues
- Is given from the mother via the placenta
- Protects against bacteria, toxins, and viruses in body fluids and activates the complement system
IgM (4)
- Cannot cross the placenta
- First in response to an antigen
- First antibody type produced by a newborn
- IgM suggests a current infection in the infant by a specific pathogen
IgA (2)
- Secretory immunoglobulin found in saliva, tears, colostrum, and bronchial, GI, prostatic, and vaginal secretions
- Primary defense against local infections in the mucosal tissues by preventing the attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells
IgE (3)
- Involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parasitic infections
- Binds to mast cells and basophils
- Triggers release of histamine
Major histocompatibilitycomplex (MHC) antigen
Is recognized by by immune system to determine if cell is self or not
Cell-mediated immunity steps (3)
- Immune response involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen
- When activated antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes cause apoptosis in body cells
- Macrophages and natural killer cells also destroy intracellular pathogens
Human MHC proteins are called what? and why?
- Human leukocyte antigens
- Because they are first detected on WBCs
Cell-mediated immune response (3)
- Especially important in combating endogenous antigens like those found on infected and malignant cells
- T-lymphocytes mature into several different types (t cytotoxic cells, T helper cells, lymphokine producing cells, and memory cells)
- Another type of lymphocyte called the natural killer or NK cell also provides cellular immunity though a nonantigenic recognition of abnormal cells
CD Cells
- The cells of immunity have other molecules called CD molecules which are on their surfaces and have diverse functions.
- Most important to immunity are T lymphocytes
Types of CD Cells (3)
- CD3: TCR
- CD4: on T helper cells that binds to MHC if molecules on antigen presenting cells
- CD8: receptor on T cytotoxic cells that binds to MHC I moleucles
Cytokines and the Immune Response (3)
- Low-molecular-weight proteins made by cells that affect the behavior of other cells
- One group of cytokines mediates inflammation by producing fever and the acute-phase response and by attracting and activating phagocytes
- Other cytokines are maturation factors for WBCs or RBCs
Cytokines that mediate inflammation (3)
- IL-1
- IL-6
- TNF
Cytokines that are maturation factors for WBCs and RBCs (2)
- IL-3
- Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Complement System (3)
- Mediator of both inane and adaptive immunity that enables the body to produce an inflammatory response, lyse foreign cells, and increase phagocytosis
- Consists of a group of proteins that normally are present in the circulation as functionally inactive precursors
- Activation is initiated by antibody bound to antigens on the surface of microbes or through soluble immune complexes
Complement System Function (2)
- Induces mast cells
- Produces factors to grow WBCs
Function of the complement system (3)
- Major biologic function is opsonization
- Chemotactic produces trigger an influx of leukocytes
- Activation of basophils and mast cells occurs
- Mast cells release inflammatory mediators that produce smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability
- The late phase of the complement cascade triggers the assembly of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that leads to the lytic destruction of many kinds of cells, including RBCs, platelets, bacteria, and lymphocytes
