Hematologic Flashcards
1
Q
Anemia definition
A
Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
2
Q
Anemia causes….(3)
A
- Impaired erythrocyte production
- Acute or chronic blood loss
- Increased erythrocyte destruction
3
Q
Anemia Symptoms (4)
A
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Dyspnea
- Pallor
4
Q
Anemia causes what?
A
Hypoxemia
5
Q
Blood loss anemias (2)
A
- Acute: due to trauma
- Chronic Loss is greater than replacement of bone marrow
6
Q
Macrocytic Anemia
A
- Unusually large stem cells
- Defective DNA synthesis
7
Q
Pernicious anemia
A
-Lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells
8
Q
Pernicious anemia symptoms
A
- Early symptoms: nonspecific and vague
- Hemoglobin at 7-8
9
Q
Penicous anemia treatment
A
Lifelong B12 replacement
10
Q
Folate deficiency anemia
A
- Symptoms similar to pernicious anemia without neurologic symptoms
- Treatment is daily oral administration of folate
11
Q
Iron deficiency anemia
A
-Most common nutritional disorder worldwide
12
Q
Iron deficiency anemia causes (5)
A
- Dietary deficiency
- Impaired absorption
- Increased requirement
- Chronic blood loss
- Chronic diarrhea
13
Q
Iron deficiency anemia occurs when….
A
Hgb decreases to 7-8perdL
14
Q
Progression of iron deficiency anemia causes…(3)
A
- Brittle, thin, rigid, nails
- Chellosis, stomatitis, painful ulceration in mouth
- Dysphasia
15
Q
Aplastic anemia (3)
A
- Hematopoietic failure or bone marrow aplasia
- Reduced production of mature cells
- Results in pancytopenia
16
Q
Hemolytic anemia
A
-Premature accelerated destruction of erthrocytes
17
Q
Nutritional needs for erythrocyte formation (5)
A
- B12
- Folic acid
- B6
- Amino acids
- Vitamin C
18
Q
Diagnostic tests for anemia
A
- CBC
- Serum iron
- Serum ferritin
- TIBC
- Bone marrow
- Folic acid
19
Q
Polycythemia
A
Overproduction of RBCs
20
Q
Relative Polycythemia
A
- Increased RBC concentration due to dehydration
- Fluid loss
21
Q
Polycythemia Vera
A
- Blood cancer
- Too many RBCs
- Increased red cell mass
22
Q
Leukocytosis
A
-High leukocyte count
23
Q
Leukopenia (3)
A
- Low leukocyte count
- Leukopenia is not normal
- Predisposes a patient to infections
24
Q
Granulocytosis (2)
A
- Increase in granulocytes
- Neutrophilla is evident in the first stages of an infection or inflammation
25
Neutropenia
Reduction in circulating neutrophils
26
Causes of neutropenia (4)
- Prolonged severe infection
- Decreased production
- Reduced survival
- Abnormal neutrophil distribution and sequestration
27
Granulocytopenia
Severe neutropenia
28
Agranulocytosis
Absence of granulocytes
29
Leukemia definition
- Malignant disorder of the bone marrow and blood
| - Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells
30
Acute Leukemia
- Presence immature cells
- Onset abrupt and rapid
- Without treatment, short survival time
31
Chronic leukemia
- Predominant cell is mature but does not function normally
| - Slow progression
32
Leukemia has the presence of what?
Blast cells
33
Acute Lympocytic Leukemia (ALL)
- Too many lymphoblasts
| - Mostly occurs in children
34
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- Too many myeloblasts
| - Most common adult leukemia
35
Bone marrow depression causes...(6)
- Fatigue
- Bleeding
- Anemia
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Neurologic symptoms
36
Leukemias are treated with what?
Chemotherapy
37
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- Too many blood cells made in bone marrow
| - Treatment is chemotherapy, biologic response modifiers, and stem cell transplant
38
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- Too many immature lymphocytes
- Most common adult leukemia in western world
- Treatment is observation with symptom treatment
39
Lymphadenopathy definition
Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender
40
Localized lymphadenopathy definition
Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node
41
Generalized lymphadenopathy definition
Occurs in the presence of infections, autoimmune diseases, or disseminated malignancy
42
Maligant lymphomas (2)
- Hodgkin lymphoma
| - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
43
Hodgkin Lymphoma (4)
- Malignant
- Progresses from one group of lymph nodes to another
- Systemic symptoms
- Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells
44
Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms (4)
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Pruritus
45
Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (3)
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Surgery
46
Hodgkin Lymphoma Physical Findings (3)
- Enlarged painless lymph node in neck
- Mediastinal mass
- Splenomeagaly
47
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- B-cell neoplasms
- T-cell neoplasms
- NK-cell neoplasms
48
Risk factors for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (5)
- Males
- White
- Immune disorders
- Infection with cancer related viruses
- Immune suppression related to organ transplantation
49
Multiple Myeloma definition
Malignant proliferation of plasma cells
50
Multiple myeloma symptoms (4)
- Hypercalcemia
- Renal failure
- Anemia
- Immune abnomalities
51
Thrombocytopenia platelet count
<150,000
52
Causes of Thrombocytopenia (2)
- Decreased platelet production
| - Increased platelet consumption
53
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is caused by what antibody
IgG
54
Immune (idiopathic)thromboytopenic purpura
- Chronic: IgG targets platelets
| - Acute: After viral infection
55
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (2)
- Widespread activation of coagulation and simultaneous hemorrhage
- Sepsis is the most common condition associated with DIC
56
Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Bleeding from blood draw
- Purpura
- Petechiae
- Hematomas
- Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes
57
Sickle cell disease
- Presence of a hemoglobin S
| - Deoxygenation and dehyrdration
58
Sickle cell can result in....(4)
- Vaso-occlusive crisis
- Aplastic crisis
- Sequestration crisis
- Hyperhemolytic crisis
59
Sickle Cell Symptoms (
- Pain episodes
- Hand-foot syndrome
- Stoke
- Acute chest syndrome
- Vision problems
- Slow growth
60
Hemophilias
- Bleeding disorder
- Mutation in coagulation factors
- First signs at age 3-4
61
Hemophilia A
Factor VII deficient
62
Hemophilia B
Factor IX deficient
63
Hemophilia C
Factor XI deficient
64
Hemophilia is what type of inheritance?
X-linked recessive
65
Main symptom of hemophilia?
Spontaneous bleeding
