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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Hematologic > Flashcards

Hematologic Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia definition

A

Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

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2
Q

Anemia causes….(3)

A
  • Impaired erythrocyte production
  • Acute or chronic blood loss
  • Increased erythrocyte destruction
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3
Q

Anemia Symptoms (4)

A
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Dyspnea
  • Pallor
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4
Q

Anemia causes what?

A

Hypoxemia

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5
Q

Blood loss anemias (2)

A
  • Acute: due to trauma

- Chronic Loss is greater than replacement of bone marrow

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6
Q

Macrocytic Anemia

A
  • Unusually large stem cells

- Defective DNA synthesis

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7
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

-Lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells

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8
Q

Pernicious anemia symptoms

A
  • Early symptoms: nonspecific and vague

- Hemoglobin at 7-8

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9
Q

Penicous anemia treatment

A

Lifelong B12 replacement

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10
Q

Folate deficiency anemia

A
  • Symptoms similar to pernicious anemia without neurologic symptoms
  • Treatment is daily oral administration of folate
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11
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

-Most common nutritional disorder worldwide

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12
Q

Iron deficiency anemia causes (5)

A
  • Dietary deficiency
  • Impaired absorption
  • Increased requirement
  • Chronic blood loss
  • Chronic diarrhea
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13
Q

Iron deficiency anemia occurs when….

A

Hgb decreases to 7-8perdL

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14
Q

Progression of iron deficiency anemia causes…(3)

A
  • Brittle, thin, rigid, nails
  • Chellosis, stomatitis, painful ulceration in mouth
  • Dysphasia
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15
Q

Aplastic anemia (3)

A
  • Hematopoietic failure or bone marrow aplasia
  • Reduced production of mature cells
  • Results in pancytopenia
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16
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

-Premature accelerated destruction of erthrocytes

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17
Q

Nutritional needs for erythrocyte formation (5)

A
  • B12
  • Folic acid
  • B6
  • Amino acids
  • Vitamin C
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18
Q

Diagnostic tests for anemia

A
  • CBC
  • Serum iron
  • Serum ferritin
  • TIBC
  • Bone marrow
  • Folic acid
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19
Q

Polycythemia

A

Overproduction of RBCs

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20
Q

Relative Polycythemia

A
  • Increased RBC concentration due to dehydration

- Fluid loss

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21
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A
  • Blood cancer
  • Too many RBCs
  • Increased red cell mass
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22
Q

Leukocytosis

A

-High leukocyte count

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23
Q

Leukopenia (3)

A
  • Low leukocyte count
  • Leukopenia is not normal
  • Predisposes a patient to infections
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24
Q

Granulocytosis (2)

A
  • Increase in granulocytes

- Neutrophilla is evident in the first stages of an infection or inflammation

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25
Q

Neutropenia

A

Reduction in circulating neutrophils

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26
Q

Causes of neutropenia (4)

A
  • Prolonged severe infection
  • Decreased production
  • Reduced survival
  • Abnormal neutrophil distribution and sequestration
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27
Q

Granulocytopenia

A

Severe neutropenia

28
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Absence of granulocytes

29
Q

Leukemia definition

A
  • Malignant disorder of the bone marrow and blood

- Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells

30
Q

Acute Leukemia

A
  • Presence immature cells
  • Onset abrupt and rapid
  • Without treatment, short survival time
31
Q

Chronic leukemia

A
  • Predominant cell is mature but does not function normally

- Slow progression

32
Q

Leukemia has the presence of what?

A

Blast cells

33
Q

Acute Lympocytic Leukemia (ALL)

A
  • Too many lymphoblasts

- Mostly occurs in children

34
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

A
  • Too many myeloblasts

- Most common adult leukemia

35
Q

Bone marrow depression causes…(6)

A
  • Fatigue
  • Bleeding
  • Anemia
  • Fever
  • Anorexia
  • Neurologic symptoms
36
Q

Leukemias are treated with what?

A

Chemotherapy

37
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A
  • Too many blood cells made in bone marrow

- Treatment is chemotherapy, biologic response modifiers, and stem cell transplant

38
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A
  • Too many immature lymphocytes
  • Most common adult leukemia in western world
  • Treatment is observation with symptom treatment
39
Q

Lymphadenopathy definition

A

Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender

40
Q

Localized lymphadenopathy definition

A

Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node

41
Q

Generalized lymphadenopathy definition

A

Occurs in the presence of infections, autoimmune diseases, or disseminated malignancy

42
Q

Maligant lymphomas (2)

A
  • Hodgkin lymphoma

- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

43
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma (4)

A
  • Malignant
  • Progresses from one group of lymph nodes to another
  • Systemic symptoms
  • Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells
44
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms (4)

A
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Night sweats
  • Pruritus
45
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (3)

A
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation
  • Surgery
46
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma Physical Findings (3)

A
  • Enlarged painless lymph node in neck
  • Mediastinal mass
  • Splenomeagaly
47
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A
  • B-cell neoplasms
  • T-cell neoplasms
  • NK-cell neoplasms
48
Q

Risk factors for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (5)

A
  • Males
  • White
  • Immune disorders
  • Infection with cancer related viruses
  • Immune suppression related to organ transplantation
49
Q

Multiple Myeloma definition

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells

50
Q

Multiple myeloma symptoms (4)

A
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Renal failure
  • Anemia
  • Immune abnomalities
51
Q

Thrombocytopenia platelet count

A

<150,000

52
Q

Causes of Thrombocytopenia (2)

A
  • Decreased platelet production

- Increased platelet consumption

53
Q

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is caused by what antibody

A

IgG

54
Q

Immune (idiopathic)thromboytopenic purpura

A
  • Chronic: IgG targets platelets

- Acute: After viral infection

55
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (2)

A
  • Widespread activation of coagulation and simultaneous hemorrhage
  • Sepsis is the most common condition associated with DIC
56
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A
  • Bleeding from blood draw
  • Purpura
  • Petechiae
  • Hematomas
  • Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes
57
Q

Sickle cell disease

A
  • Presence of a hemoglobin S

- Deoxygenation and dehyrdration

58
Q

Sickle cell can result in….(4)

A
  • Vaso-occlusive crisis
  • Aplastic crisis
  • Sequestration crisis
  • Hyperhemolytic crisis
59
Q

Sickle Cell Symptoms (

A
  • Pain episodes
  • Hand-foot syndrome
  • Stoke
  • Acute chest syndrome
  • Vision problems
  • Slow growth
60
Q

Hemophilias

A
  • Bleeding disorder
  • Mutation in coagulation factors
  • First signs at age 3-4
61
Q

Hemophilia A

A

Factor VII deficient

62
Q

Hemophilia B

A

Factor IX deficient

63
Q

Hemophilia C

A

Factor XI deficient

64
Q

Hemophilia is what type of inheritance?

A

X-linked recessive

65
Q

Main symptom of hemophilia?

A

Spontaneous bleeding

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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