Hematologic Flashcards
Anemia definition
Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin
Anemia causes….(3)
- Impaired erythrocyte production
- Acute or chronic blood loss
- Increased erythrocyte destruction
Anemia Symptoms (4)
- Fatigue
- Weakness
- Dyspnea
- Pallor
Anemia causes what?
Hypoxemia
Blood loss anemias (2)
- Acute: due to trauma
- Chronic Loss is greater than replacement of bone marrow
Macrocytic Anemia
- Unusually large stem cells
- Defective DNA synthesis
Pernicious anemia
-Lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells
Pernicious anemia symptoms
- Early symptoms: nonspecific and vague
- Hemoglobin at 7-8
Penicous anemia treatment
Lifelong B12 replacement
Folate deficiency anemia
- Symptoms similar to pernicious anemia without neurologic symptoms
- Treatment is daily oral administration of folate
Iron deficiency anemia
-Most common nutritional disorder worldwide
Iron deficiency anemia causes (5)
- Dietary deficiency
- Impaired absorption
- Increased requirement
- Chronic blood loss
- Chronic diarrhea
Iron deficiency anemia occurs when….
Hgb decreases to 7-8perdL
Progression of iron deficiency anemia causes…(3)
- Brittle, thin, rigid, nails
- Chellosis, stomatitis, painful ulceration in mouth
- Dysphasia
Aplastic anemia (3)
- Hematopoietic failure or bone marrow aplasia
- Reduced production of mature cells
- Results in pancytopenia
Hemolytic anemia
-Premature accelerated destruction of erthrocytes
Nutritional needs for erythrocyte formation (5)
- B12
- Folic acid
- B6
- Amino acids
- Vitamin C
Diagnostic tests for anemia
- CBC
- Serum iron
- Serum ferritin
- TIBC
- Bone marrow
- Folic acid
Polycythemia
Overproduction of RBCs
Relative Polycythemia
- Increased RBC concentration due to dehydration
- Fluid loss
Polycythemia Vera
- Blood cancer
- Too many RBCs
- Increased red cell mass
Leukocytosis
-High leukocyte count
Leukopenia (3)
- Low leukocyte count
- Leukopenia is not normal
- Predisposes a patient to infections
Granulocytosis (2)
- Increase in granulocytes
- Neutrophilla is evident in the first stages of an infection or inflammation
Neutropenia
Reduction in circulating neutrophils
Causes of neutropenia (4)
- Prolonged severe infection
- Decreased production
- Reduced survival
- Abnormal neutrophil distribution and sequestration
Granulocytopenia
Severe neutropenia
Agranulocytosis
Absence of granulocytes
Leukemia definition
- Malignant disorder of the bone marrow and blood
- Excessive accumulation of leukemic cells
Acute Leukemia
- Presence immature cells
- Onset abrupt and rapid
- Without treatment, short survival time
Chronic leukemia
- Predominant cell is mature but does not function normally
- Slow progression
Leukemia has the presence of what?
Blast cells
Acute Lympocytic Leukemia (ALL)
- Too many lymphoblasts
- Mostly occurs in children
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
- Too many myeloblasts
- Most common adult leukemia
Bone marrow depression causes…(6)
- Fatigue
- Bleeding
- Anemia
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Neurologic symptoms
Leukemias are treated with what?
Chemotherapy
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- Too many blood cells made in bone marrow
- Treatment is chemotherapy, biologic response modifiers, and stem cell transplant
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
- Too many immature lymphocytes
- Most common adult leukemia in western world
- Treatment is observation with symptom treatment
Lymphadenopathy definition
Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender
Localized lymphadenopathy definition
Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node
Generalized lymphadenopathy definition
Occurs in the presence of infections, autoimmune diseases, or disseminated malignancy
Maligant lymphomas (2)
- Hodgkin lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma (4)
- Malignant
- Progresses from one group of lymph nodes to another
- Systemic symptoms
- Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells
Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms (4)
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Night sweats
- Pruritus
Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment (3)
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Surgery
Hodgkin Lymphoma Physical Findings (3)
- Enlarged painless lymph node in neck
- Mediastinal mass
- Splenomeagaly
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
- B-cell neoplasms
- T-cell neoplasms
- NK-cell neoplasms
Risk factors for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (5)
- Males
- White
- Immune disorders
- Infection with cancer related viruses
- Immune suppression related to organ transplantation
Multiple Myeloma definition
Malignant proliferation of plasma cells
Multiple myeloma symptoms (4)
- Hypercalcemia
- Renal failure
- Anemia
- Immune abnomalities
Thrombocytopenia platelet count
<150,000
Causes of Thrombocytopenia (2)
- Decreased platelet production
- Increased platelet consumption
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is caused by what antibody
IgG
Immune (idiopathic)thromboytopenic purpura
- Chronic: IgG targets platelets
- Acute: After viral infection
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (2)
- Widespread activation of coagulation and simultaneous hemorrhage
- Sepsis is the most common condition associated with DIC
Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- Bleeding from blood draw
- Purpura
- Petechiae
- Hematomas
- Symmetric cyanosis of the fingers and toes
Sickle cell disease
- Presence of a hemoglobin S
- Deoxygenation and dehyrdration
Sickle cell can result in….(4)
- Vaso-occlusive crisis
- Aplastic crisis
- Sequestration crisis
- Hyperhemolytic crisis
Sickle Cell Symptoms (
- Pain episodes
- Hand-foot syndrome
- Stoke
- Acute chest syndrome
- Vision problems
- Slow growth
Hemophilias
- Bleeding disorder
- Mutation in coagulation factors
- First signs at age 3-4
Hemophilia A
Factor VII deficient
Hemophilia B
Factor IX deficient
Hemophilia C
Factor XI deficient
Hemophilia is what type of inheritance?
X-linked recessive
Main symptom of hemophilia?
Spontaneous bleeding
