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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Chaper 5 Fludis & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Chaper 5 Fludis & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Total body water accounts for how much % of body weight in adults

A

60%

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2
Q

Total body water is composed of what two fluids?

A
  • Intracellular fluid

- Extracellular fluid

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3
Q

What are components of extracellular fluid? (3)

A
  • Intersitial fluid
  • Intravascular fluid
  • Transcellular fluid
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4
Q

How does aging impact the amount of total body water?

A

It decreases it

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5
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid within the intersitial spaces

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6
Q

Causes of edema (4)

A

Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

  • Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure
  • Incraeses in capillary permeability
  • Lymph channel obstruction
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7
Q

Symptoms of edema (5)

A
  • Swelling
  • Increase in body weight
  • Functional impairment
  • Pain
  • Impairment of arterial circulation
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8
Q

Water loss does what to HR?

A

Increase

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9
Q

Water loss does what to BP and CO?

A

Decrease

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10
Q

Water loss does what to urine output?

A

Decrease

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11
Q

Functions of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

-Maintains sodium/water balance in body

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12
Q

How the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system operates when waer is lost

A
  1. Kidneys secrete renin
  2. Renin produces angiotensin I
  3. Vasoconstriction
  4. Angiotensin I converts to angiotensin II
  5. More vasoconstriction
  6. Aldosterone production
  7. Aldosterone leads to sodium and water reapsorbstion (RETAINING FLUID)
  8. Natriuretic peptides (BNP) cause sodium and water excretion
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13
Q

Anti-diuretic Hormone function in water balance

A

Increases water reabsorption into the plasma

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14
Q

Thirst stimulation function in water balance (3)

A
  • Osmoreceptors
  • Volume receptors
  • Baroreceptors
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15
Q

Conditions effecting water loss (8)

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Burns
  • Diarrhea
  • DM
  • Vommiting
  • Sweating
  • Laxative use
  • Diruetic abuse
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16
Q

Condtions effecting water gain (3)

A
  • Heart disease
  • Renal failure
  • Sodium increase
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17
Q

Assessment of water gain or loss (7)

A
  • Skin tugor
  • Urine output
  • Specfic gravity
  • I/O every 8 hours
  • Capillary refil
  • Labs: BUN, Creat, serum osmolarity
  • Daily weights
  • Aseess for neck vein distention
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18
Q

Isotonic

A

Solute equal concentration to that of cells

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19
Q

Hypotonic (3)

A
  • Solute has a leser concentration of sodium to that of cells
  • Water moves into the cells
  • Cells swell
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20
Q

Hypertonic (3)

A
  • Solute has greater concentration sodium that cell
  • Draws fluid out of the cell
  • Cells crenate
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21
Q

Isotonic alterations

A
  • Total body water change with proportional electrolyte and water change
  • No change in concentraion
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22
Q

Isotonic fluid loss is known as…

A

Hypovolemia

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23
Q

Isotonic fluid excess is known as…

A

Hypervolemia

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24
Q

Causes of hypovolemia (3)

A
  • Mild vommiting
  • Mild diarrhea
  • Mild sweating
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25
Q

Findings of hypovolmia (7)

A
  • Weight loss
  • Dryness of the skin
  • Decreased skin tugor
  • Decreased urine output
  • increased HR
  • Flattened neck veins
  • Decreased BP
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26
Q

Causes of hypervolemia (3)

A
  • Excessive administration of IV fluids
  • Hypersecretion of aldosterone
  • Drugs (cortisone)
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27
Q

Findings of hypervolemia (5)

A
  • Weight gain
  • Decreased hematocrit
  • Distended neck veins
  • Increase in BP
  • Edema
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28
Q

Hypertonic alterations (3)

A
  • Increased osmolarity
  • Hypernatremia
  • Water deficit in ECF (dehydration)
29
Q

Hypernatremia sodium level

A

> 145mEq/L

Sodium gain or water loss

30
Q

Hypernatremia manifestations (3)

A
  • Brain cell shrinkage
  • Altered membrane potentials
  • Increased BP
31
Q

Hypernatremia Isovolemic

A

Deficit of free water and normal sodium

32
Q

Hypernatremia Hypovolemic

A

Loss of sodium and greater loss of body water

33
Q

Hypernatremia Hypervolemic

A

Increase of body water with greater increases in sodium

34
Q

What often occurs with hypernatremia?

A

Hypercloremia

35
Q

Causes of hypernatremic volume depletion (6)

A
  • Water deprivation
  • Loss of thirst
  • Inability to swallow
  • Diabetes inspidus
  • Excessive urination
  • Excessive sweating
36
Q

Findings of Hypernatremic volume delpletion (5)

A
  • Weight loss
  • Weak pulses
  • Increased HR
  • Postural hypotension
  • Excessive urination
37
Q

Caues of hypernatremic volume excess

A

Excessive intake of sodium

38
Q

Findings of hypernatremic volume excess (6)

A
  • Weakness
  • Agitation
  • Firm subcutaneous tissue
  • Increased thirst
  • Edema
  • Elevated BP
39
Q

Hypotonic alterations (3)

A
  • Decreased osmolality
  • Hyponatremia
  • Water excess in ECF
40
Q

Hyponatremia sodium level

A

<135mEq/L

41
Q

Normal sodium level

A

135-145mEq/L

42
Q

Manifestations of Hyponatremia (4)

A
  • Cell swelling
  • Altered action potentials
  • Cerebral edema
  • Increased intracranial pressure
43
Q

Normal Value for calcium

A

8.8-10.5mg/dl

44
Q

Normal value for phosphate

A

2.5-5.0mg/dl

45
Q

High levels of potassium

A

Hyperkalemia

46
Q

Mild attack of hyperkalemia cause (2)

A
  • Increased neuromuscular iritability

- Restlessness, intestinal cramping, and diarrhea

47
Q

Severe attacks of hyperkalemia cause (2)

A
  • Decreases the resting membrane potential

- Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, paralysis

48
Q

EKG with hypokalemia

A

ST Depression

49
Q

EKG changes with hyperkalemia

A

Peaked T-waves

50
Q

Hyperkalemia potassium level

A

> 5.5mEq/L

51
Q

Treatment of hyperkalemia

A

Kayexalate or insulin combined with glucose

52
Q

Hypokalemia potassium level

A

<3.5mEq/L

53
Q

Hypokalemia treatment

A

-Take in more potassium

54
Q

Isovolemic Hyponatermia

A

Loss of sodium with normal water

55
Q

Hypervolemic Hyponatremia

A

-Increased body sodium causes increased body water

56
Q

Hypovolemic Hyponatremia

A

-Loos of body water with greated loss in sodium

57
Q

Dillutional Hyponatremia

A

-Intake of large amounts of free water which dilutes sodium

58
Q

What often occurs with hyponatremia?

A

Hypocloremia

59
Q

Normal pH level

A

7.35-7.45

60
Q

Normal PaC02 Level

A

35-45

61
Q

Normal HC03 Level

A

22-26

62
Q

Normal Pa02 Level

A

80-100

63
Q

Acidosis occurs at what pH?

A

Less than 7.35

64
Q

Alkalosis occrs at what pH

A

Over 7.45

65
Q

If the abnormality of the ABG causes a pH that is low, is it acidosis or alkalosis

A

Acidosis

66
Q

If the pH is high, is it acidosis or alkalosis

A

Alkalosis

67
Q

If the abnormality of an ABG is with PaC02, is it respiratory or metabolic

A

Respiratory

68
Q

If the abnormality with an ABG is with HC03, is it respiratory or metabolic?

A

Metabolic

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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