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NUR 180 Pathophysiology > Chapter 16 Neuro > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Disorientation

A

Not orientated

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2
Q

Confused

A

Can be orientated but not making sense of details

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3
Q

Delirium

A

May have hallucinations

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4
Q

Lethargic

A

Something neurologically wrong

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5
Q

Drowsy

A

Tired

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6
Q

Obtundant

A

Need vigorous stimulation

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7
Q

Stuporous

A

Do not maintain alertness

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8
Q

Unresponsive

A

Coma like state

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9
Q

Dementia definition

A

Progressive failure of many cerebral functions including impairment of intellectual processes

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10
Q

Dementia patients experience losses with (5)

A
  1. Orientation
  2. Memory
  3. Language
  4. Judgement
  5. Decision making
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11
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is a type of what disease

A

Dementia

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12
Q

What is the leading cause of severe cognitive dysfunction in older persons?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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13
Q

Early manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease (2)

A
  1. Forgetfulness

2. Emotion upset

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14
Q

Later manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease (7)

A
  1. Memory loss
  2. Disorientation
  3. Confusion
  4. Lack of concentration
  5. Decline in abstraction
  6. Problem solving
  7. Judgement
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15
Q

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Loss of neurotransmitter stimulation by choline acetyltransferase

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16
Q

Tests for Alzheimer’s Disease (4)

A
  1. Presenilin 1 (PSEN1)
  2. Presenilin 2 (PSEN2)
  3. Amyloid precursor protein (APP)
  4. Apolipoprotein E (APOE-IV)
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17
Q

Severe Alzheimer’s Disease experiences what in the Bain compared to a healthy brain

A

Atrophy

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18
Q

Seizures definition

A

Sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by abnormal excessive discharges of cortical neurons

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19
Q

Epilepsy definition

A

Disease of recurrent unpredictable seizures

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20
Q

Convulsion definition

A

Tonic-clonic (jerky, contract-relax) movements associated with some seizures

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21
Q

Tonic Seizure

A

Whole body is stiff

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22
Q

Clonic type of seizure

A

Alternating contraction and relaxation

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23
Q

What is consumed at a high rate during a seizure

A

Oxygen

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24
Q

Preictal phase of seizure has what 2 parts?

A
  • Prodroma (hours to days before)

- Aura (immediately before)

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25
Q

Ictus phase of seizure

A

The actual seizure episode

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26
Q

Postictal state of a seizure symptoms (5)

A
  • Headache
  • Confusion
  • Dysphasia
  • Memory loss
  • Paralysis
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27
Q

Associated conditions with seizures

A
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Perinatal injury, post natal trauma
  • Infection
  • Brain tumor
  • Substance abuse
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28
Q

Seizure are classified by what (4)

A
  • Clinical manifestations
  • Site of origin
  • EEG correlates
  • Response to injury
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29
Q

Normal Intracrainial Pressure

A

5-15mmHg

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30
Q

Increased intracranial pressure can cause what/ (4)

A
  • Increased intracranial content
  • Cerebral edema
  • Excessive CSF
  • Hemorrhage
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31
Q

Increased intracranial pressure can be caused by…(3)

A
  • Head trauma
  • Stroke
  • Tumore
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32
Q

Diagnostic studies for intracranial pressure (3)

A
  • CT Scan (FIRST)
  • ICP monitoring
  • Cerebral blood flow
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33
Q

Cerebral edema is defined as

A

Increase in the fluid (ICF or ECF) within the brain

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34
Q

Hyperkinesia is defined as…

A

Excessive, purposeless movement

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35
Q

Huntington Disease is caused by…

A
  • Depletion of gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)

- Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia particularly the caudate nucleus

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36
Q

Huntington disease is what type of inheritance?

A

Autosomal dominant

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37
Q

Symptoms of Huntington disease (2)

A
  • Abnormal movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes
  • Begins in the face and moves to the rest of the body
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38
Q

Cognitive deficits associated with Huntington Disease

A
  • Loss of memory
  • Reduced capacity to plan
  • Reduced capacity to organize
  • Reduced capacity to sequence
  • Slow thinking
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39
Q

Hypo-kinesia is defined as

A

Loss of voluntary movement despite normal consciousness and peripheral nerve and muscle function

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40
Q

Akinesia

A

Decrease in voluntary and associated movements

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41
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slowness of voluntary movements

42
Q

Parkinson Disease defined as

A

Severe loss of dopamine

43
Q

Parkinson Disease symptoms (5)

A
  • Tremors
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia
  • Postural disturbances
  • Cognitive-affective symptoms
44
Q

Two locations of closed brain injuries

A
  • Coup

- Countrecoup

45
Q

Coup brain injury location

A

Directly below point of impact

46
Q

Countrecoup brain injury location

A

Opposite the site of impact

47
Q

Two types of primary brain injures (2)

A
  • Focal brain injury

- Diffuse brain injury

48
Q

Focal Brain Injury (2)

A
  • Force impact

- Observable brain lesion

49
Q

Focal brain injuries can cause… (3)

A
  1. Extradural hemorrhages or hematomas
  2. Subdural hematomas
  3. Intracerebral hematoma
50
Q

What type of hematoma is the most deadly?

A

Subdural hematoma

51
Q

Secondary Brain Injury definition

A

Indirect result of primary brain injury

52
Q

Systemic processes associated with secondary brain injuries (5)

A
  • Hypotension
  • Hypoxia
  • Anemia
  • Hypercapnia
  • Hypocapnia
53
Q

Brain injury diagnostic tests (2)

A
  • CT Scan

- MRI

54
Q

Decorticate posturing

A

Inward flexion

55
Q

Decerebrate posturing (2)

A
  • Palms outward

- More severe

56
Q

Why are C3, C4, and C5 injuries so dangerous?

A

Because those cranial nerves innervate the diaphragm

57
Q

What causes the most vertebral injuries

A

Motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes

58
Q

Neurogenic Shock occurs where

A

Above T6

59
Q

Neurogenic shock does what? (2)

A
  • The parasympathetic system takes over in shock situation

- Absence of sympathetic activity

60
Q

Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) is caused by what (2)

A

Sudden, massive reflex sympathetic discharge because descending inhibition if blocked

61
Q

Symptoms of Dysrelexia (3)

A
  • Paroxysmal HTN
  • Pounding headache
  • Blurred vision
62
Q

What is the leading cause of disability?

A

Stroke

63
Q

Two types of strokes

A
  1. Ischemic

2. Hemorrhagic

64
Q

Ischemic stroke types (5)

A
  1. Transient ischemic attack
  2. Thrombotic stroke
  3. Embolic stroke
  4. Lacunae stroke
  5. Hypoperfusion
65
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke primary cause

A

HTN

66
Q

Causes/Risk Factors of Stroke (10)

A
  • Older age
  • African American
  • Family history
  • Smoking
  • Excessive alcohol
  • Drugs
  • DM
  • Previous TIA
  • Birth control medication
  • Anticoagulants
67
Q

Diagnostic Studies for Stroke (2)

A
  • MRI

- CT (without contrast)

68
Q

Stroke Symptoms (6)

A
  • Numbness
  • Paralysis
  • Confusion
  • Difficulty speaking
  • Difficulty seeing
  • Difficulty walking
69
Q

Stroke treatment

A

-Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke within 3-6 hours

70
Q

Intracranial Aneurysm defined as…

A

Dilation or ballooning of cerebral vessel from weakness in vessel wal

71
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage definition

A

Blood escapes from defective or injured vascular urge into the subarachnoid space

72
Q

Clinical manifestations of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2)

A
  1. Kernig sign

2. Brudzinski sign

73
Q

Aterivenous malformation (AVM)

A
  • Congenital
  • Mass of dilated vessels between arterial and venous systems
  • Usually present at birth with delayed onset of symptoms
74
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • Neurodegererative disorder

- Progressive muscle weakness

75
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is defined as…

A

-Chronic progressive immune mediated inflammatory disease

76
Q

MS is caused by…

A

Myelin loss

77
Q

Gillian-Barre Syndrome definition

A

Acquired inflammatory disease causing demyelination of the peripheral nerves

78
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Symptoms

A
  • Tingling
  • Weakness
  • Leg paralysis
  • Quadriplegia
  • Respiratory insufficiency
  • Autonomic nervous system instability
79
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome usually follows what kind of infection (2)

A
  • Respiratory

- GI infection

80
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (2)

A
  • Immune system attacks nerves

- Autoimmune disease

81
Q

What supports neural tube development

A

Folic acid

82
Q

Myelomeningocele definition

A

Her nail protrusion of a saclike cyst through a defect in the posterior arch of the vertebra

83
Q

Congenital hydrocephalus is caused by what?

A

An increase of CSF

84
Q

Encephalopathies

A
  • Inherited metabolic disorder

- Lack of normal protein and absence of enzymatic activity

85
Q

Encephalopathies can’t convert what?

A

Can’t convert phenylaline

86
Q

Phenylketonuria can eat what?

A

Protein

87
Q

Reyes Syndrome

A

-Inflammation of the brain

88
Q

Two types of Reyes Syndrome (2)

A
  • Drug induced

- Lead poisoning

89
Q

What drug is bad with Reyes Syndrome

A

Asprin

90
Q

Stage 1 of Reyes Syndrome

A

Vomiting, lethargy, drowsiness

91
Q

Stage 2 Reyes Syndrome

A

Disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and combativeness,central neurologic hyperventilation, shallow breathing, hyperactive reflexes, stupor

92
Q

Stage 3 Reyes Syndrome

A

Obtundation
Coma
Hyperventilation
Decorticate rigidity

93
Q

Stage 4 Reyes Syndrome

A 
Deepening coma
Decerebrate rigidity
Loss of ocular reflexes
Large fixed pupils
Divergent eye movements
94
Q

Stage 5 Reyes Syndrome

A

Seizures
Loss of deep tendon relaxes
Flacicidity
Respiratory arrest

95
Q

Two types of embryonal tumors

A
  • Neuroblastoma

- Retinoblastoma

96
Q

Neuroblastoma

A
  • Originates in neural crest cells
  • Diagnosed within first 2 years of life
  • Immature growth
97
Q

Most common place for Neuroblastoma

A

Retroperitoneal region

98
Q

Symptoms of Neuroblastoma

A
  • Weight loss
  • Irritability
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
99
Q

Treatment for Neuroblastoma (2)

A
  • Surgery

- Chemotherapy

100
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Congenital eye tumor

101
Q

Symptoms of Retinoblastoma

A
  • Leukokoria

- Cat’s eye reflex

102
Q

Retinoblastoma Treatment

A

Restoring vision

NUR 180 Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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