Chapter 16 Neuro Flashcards
1
Q
Disorientation
A
Not orientated
2
Q
Confused
A
Can be orientated but not making sense of details
3
Q
Delirium
A
May have hallucinations
4
Q
Lethargic
A
Something neurologically wrong
5
Q
Drowsy
A
Tired
6
Q
Obtundant
A
Need vigorous stimulation
7
Q
Stuporous
A
Do not maintain alertness
8
Q
Unresponsive
A
Coma like state
9
Q
Dementia definition
A
Progressive failure of many cerebral functions including impairment of intellectual processes
10
Q
Dementia patients experience losses with (5)
A
- Orientation
- Memory
- Language
- Judgement
- Decision making
11
Q
Alzheimer’s disease is a type of what disease
A
Dementia
12
Q
What is the leading cause of severe cognitive dysfunction in older persons?
A
Alzheimer’s Disease
13
Q
Early manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease (2)
A
- Forgetfulness
2. Emotion upset
14
Q
Later manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease (7)
A
- Memory loss
- Disorientation
- Confusion
- Lack of concentration
- Decline in abstraction
- Problem solving
- Judgement
15
Q
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
A
Loss of neurotransmitter stimulation by choline acetyltransferase
16
Q
Tests for Alzheimer’s Disease (4)
A
- Presenilin 1 (PSEN1)
- Presenilin 2 (PSEN2)
- Amyloid precursor protein (APP)
- Apolipoprotein E (APOE-IV)
17
Q
Severe Alzheimer’s Disease experiences what in the Bain compared to a healthy brain
A
Atrophy
18
Q
Seizures definition
A
Sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by abnormal excessive discharges of cortical neurons
19
Q
Epilepsy definition
A
Disease of recurrent unpredictable seizures
20
Q
Convulsion definition
A
Tonic-clonic (jerky, contract-relax) movements associated with some seizures
21
Q
Tonic Seizure
A
Whole body is stiff
22
Q
Clonic type of seizure
A
Alternating contraction and relaxation
23
Q
What is consumed at a high rate during a seizure
A
Oxygen
24
Q
Preictal phase of seizure has what 2 parts?
A
- Prodroma (hours to days before)
- Aura (immediately before)
25
Ictus phase of seizure
The actual seizure episode
26
Postictal state of a seizure symptoms (5)
- Headache
- Confusion
- Dysphasia
- Memory loss
- Paralysis
27
Associated conditions with seizures
- Metabolic disorders
- Genetic predisposition
- Perinatal injury, post natal trauma
- Infection
- Brain tumor
- Substance abuse
28
Seizure are classified by what (4)
- Clinical manifestations
- Site of origin
- EEG correlates
- Response to injury
29
Normal Intracrainial Pressure
5-15mmHg
30
Increased intracranial pressure can cause what/ (4)
- Increased intracranial content
- Cerebral edema
- Excessive CSF
- Hemorrhage
31
Increased intracranial pressure can be caused by…(3)
- Head trauma
- Stroke
- Tumore
32
Diagnostic studies for intracranial pressure (3)
- CT Scan (FIRST)
- ICP monitoring
- Cerebral blood flow
33
Cerebral edema is defined as
Increase in the fluid (ICF or ECF) within the brain
34
Hyperkinesia is defined as…
Excessive, purposeless movement
35
Huntington Disease is caused by…
- Depletion of gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)
| - Severe degeneration of the basal ganglia particularly the caudate nucleus
36
Huntington disease is what type of inheritance?
Autosomal dominant
37
Symptoms of Huntington disease (2)
- Abnormal movement and progressive dysfunction of intellectual and thought processes
- Begins in the face and moves to the rest of the body
38
Cognitive deficits associated with Huntington Disease
- Loss of memory
- Reduced capacity to plan
- Reduced capacity to organize
- Reduced capacity to sequence
- Slow thinking
39
Hypo-kinesia is defined as
Loss of voluntary movement despite normal consciousness and peripheral nerve and muscle function
40
Akinesia
Decrease in voluntary and associated movements
41
Bradykinesia
Slowness of voluntary movements
42
Parkinson Disease defined as
Severe loss of dopamine
43
Parkinson Disease symptoms (5)
- Tremors
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Postural disturbances
- Cognitive-affective symptoms
44
Two locations of closed brain injuries
- Coup
| - Countrecoup
45
Coup brain injury location
Directly below point of impact
46
Countrecoup brain injury location
Opposite the site of impact
47
Two types of primary brain injures (2)
- Focal brain injury
| - Diffuse brain injury
48
Focal Brain Injury (2)
- Force impact
| - Observable brain lesion
49
Focal brain injuries can cause… (3)
1. Extradural hemorrhages or hematomas
2. Subdural hematomas
3. Intracerebral hematoma
50
What type of hematoma is the most deadly?
Subdural hematoma
51
Secondary Brain Injury definition
Indirect result of primary brain injury
52
Systemic processes associated with secondary brain injuries (5)
- Hypotension
- Hypoxia
- Anemia
- Hypercapnia
- Hypocapnia
53
Brain injury diagnostic tests (2)
- CT Scan
| - MRI
54
Decorticate posturing
Inward flexion
55
Decerebrate posturing (2)
- Palms outward
| - More severe
56
Why are C3, C4, and C5 injuries so dangerous?
Because those cranial nerves innervate the diaphragm
57
What causes the most vertebral injuries
Motor vehicle and motorcycle crashes
58
Neurogenic Shock occurs where
Above T6
59
Neurogenic shock does what? (2)
- The parasympathetic system takes over in shock situation
| - Absence of sympathetic activity
60
Autonomic hyperreflexia (dysreflexia) is caused by what (2)
Sudden, massive reflex sympathetic discharge because descending inhibition if blocked
61
Symptoms of Dysrelexia (3)
- Paroxysmal HTN
- Pounding headache
- Blurred vision
62
What is the leading cause of disability?
Stroke
63
Two types of strokes
1. Ischemic
| 2. Hemorrhagic
64
Ischemic stroke types (5)
1. Transient ischemic attack
2. Thrombotic stroke
3. Embolic stroke
4. Lacunae stroke
5. Hypoperfusion
65
Hemorrhagic Stroke primary cause
HTN
66
Causes/Risk Factors of Stroke (10)
- Older age
- African American
- Family history
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol
- Drugs
- DM
- Previous TIA
- Birth control medication
- Anticoagulants
67
Diagnostic Studies for Stroke (2)
- MRI
| - CT (without contrast)
68
Stroke Symptoms (6)
- Numbness
- Paralysis
- Confusion
- Difficulty speaking
- Difficulty seeing
- Difficulty walking
69
Stroke treatment
-Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke within 3-6 hours
70
Intracranial Aneurysm defined as…
Dilation or ballooning of cerebral vessel from weakness in vessel wal
71
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage definition
Blood escapes from defective or injured vascular urge into the subarachnoid space
72
Clinical manifestations of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2)
1. Kernig sign
| 2. Brudzinski sign
73
Aterivenous malformation (AVM)
- Congenital
- Mass of dilated vessels between arterial and venous systems
- Usually present at birth with delayed onset of symptoms
74
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Neurodegererative disorder
| - Progressive muscle weakness
75
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is defined as…
-Chronic progressive immune mediated inflammatory disease
76
MS is caused by…
Myelin loss
77
Gillian-Barre Syndrome definition
Acquired inflammatory disease causing demyelination of the peripheral nerves
78
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Symptoms
- Tingling
- Weakness
- Leg paralysis
- Quadriplegia
- Respiratory insufficiency
- Autonomic nervous system instability
79
Guillain-Barre Syndrome usually follows what kind of infection (2)
- Respiratory
| - GI infection
80
Myasthenia Gravis (2)
- Immune system attacks nerves
| - Autoimmune disease
81
What supports neural tube development
Folic acid
82
Myelomeningocele definition
Her nail protrusion of a saclike cyst through a defect in the posterior arch of the vertebra
83
Congenital hydrocephalus is caused by what?
An increase of CSF
84
Encephalopathies
- Inherited metabolic disorder
| - Lack of normal protein and absence of enzymatic activity
85
Encephalopathies can’t convert what?
Can’t convert phenylaline
86
Phenylketonuria can eat what?
Protein
87
Reyes Syndrome
-Inflammation of the brain
88
Two types of Reyes Syndrome (2)
- Drug induced
| - Lead poisoning
89
What drug is bad with Reyes Syndrome
Asprin
90
Stage 1 of Reyes Syndrome
Vomiting, lethargy, drowsiness
91
Stage 2 Reyes Syndrome
Disorientation, delirium, aggressiveness, and combativeness,central neurologic hyperventilation, shallow breathing, hyperactive reflexes, stupor
92
Stage 3 Reyes Syndrome
Obtundation
Coma
Hyperventilation
Decorticate rigidity
93
Stage 4 Reyes Syndrome
```
Deepening coma
Decerebrate rigidity
Loss of ocular reflexes
Large fixed pupils
Divergent eye movements
```
94
Stage 5 Reyes Syndrome
Seizures
Loss of deep tendon relaxes
Flacicidity
Respiratory arrest
95
Two types of embryonal tumors
- Neuroblastoma
| - Retinoblastoma
96
Neuroblastoma
- Originates in neural crest cells
- Diagnosed within first 2 years of life
- Immature growth
97
Most common place for Neuroblastoma
Retroperitoneal region
98
Symptoms of Neuroblastoma
- Weight loss
- Irritability
- Fatigue
- Fever
99
Treatment for Neuroblastoma (2)
- Surgery
| - Chemotherapy
100
Retinoblastoma
Congenital eye tumor
101
Symptoms of Retinoblastoma
- Leukokoria
| - Cat’s eye reflex
102
Retinoblastoma Treatment
Restoring vision
