Renal Flashcards
Functions of the Kidneys (3)
- Maintain fluid volume
- Filter blood
- Reabsorption of solutes
Nephron
Smallest functional unit of the kidney
Erythropoietin is released in response to…
Hypoxia
Erythropoietin does what?
Stimulate RBC production
Renin does what? (2)
- Decrease arterial pressure
- Increase urine sodium concentration
pH of urine
4.6-8
Amount of protein in urine
Less than 0.1g
Amount of glucose in urine
less than 0.3g
Normal amount of urine voided in 24 hours
600 to 2500mL
Oliguria
Decreased urine output
Anuria
No urine output
Polyuria
Increased urination
Hematuria
Blood in urine
Concentration of urine is measured by?
Specific gravity
High GFR means what in regards to overall kidney health?
Increased GFR means good kidney function
Radiological studies of the kidneys (2)
- Intravenous pyelogram
- Ultrasound of the kidneys or abdomen
Who is more likely to develop kidney stones? Men or women?
Men
Kidney Stones pain location
Side and back
Imaging studies for kidney stones (3)
- Ultrasound
- CT
- MRI
Treatment for kidney stones (3)
- High fluid intake
- Decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances
- Stone removal
UTI definition
Inflammation of the urinary epithelium caused by bacteria
Uncomplicated UTI (2)
- Mild
- Normal urinary tract
Complicated UTI
-Abnormality in urinary systems or health problem that compromises immunity
UTI’s are caused by what?
E.coli
What are risk factors for UTI’s (4)
- Being a female
- Elderly people
- People with DM
- People with catheters
Symptoms of UTI (6)
- Pressure in the lower pelvis
- Pain/burning with urination
- Frequent urination
- Cloudy urine
- Blood in urine
- Foul or strong urine odor
Diagnostics for UTI (2)
- Urinalysis
- Urine culture (clean catch)
Cystitis (3)
- Inflammation of the bladder
- Low back pain
- Treated with antibiotics
Interstitial cystitis
- Most common in women 20-30
- Bladder fullness
- Small urine volume
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Inflamed bladder wall
Diagnostics for Interstitial cystitis (2)
- Urine culture
- Cytoscopy
Acute pyelonephritis definition
-Acute infection of the ureter, renal pelvis, interstitum
Chronic pyelonephritis (2)
- Persistent or recurring episodes of acute pyelonephritis that leads to scarring
- Idiopathic or associated with chronic UTI’s, vesicoureteral refulx, or kidney stones
Symptoms of UTI’s (5)
- Flank pain
- Back pain
- Fever
- Mental changes
- Confusion
Glomerulonephritis definition
Inflammation of the glomerulus
Glomerulonephritis is caused by what?
-Systemic diseases such as lupus or diabetes
With glomerulonephritis the urine has what in it? (3)
- RBC’s
- Protein
- Tea color
Two major symptoms of glomerulonephritis
- Hematuria
- Proteinuria
Glomerulonephritis diagnostics (5)
- Urinalysis
- CBC CMP
- Complement levels
- CT scan of kidneys
- Renal biopsy
Nephrotic syndrome
- Protein wasting
- 3.5g or more of protein in urine per day
Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome (3)
- More common in children
- Membranous glomerulonephritis
- Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
Secondary causes to nephrotic syndrome
Systemic diseases
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) definition
-Sudden decline in kidney function
AKI lab findings (3)
- BUN increase
- Creatinine increase
- GFR decrease
What happens with the urine in AKI?
-Decrease in urine output
Pre-renal AKI (4)
- Most common
- Impaired renal blood flow
- GFR decreases
- Occurs before or above the kidney
Pre-renal AKI causes (7)
- Hypotension
- HTN
- Volume depletion
- Burns
- Hemorrhage
- NSAID’s
- Osmotic diuretics
Intra-renal AKI
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Postischemic
- Nephrotoxic
- Oliguria
Intra-renal AKI causes (5)
- Ischemia
- Toxins
- Inflammation
- Glomerular nephritis
- Tumors
Post-renal AKI
-Urinary tract obstruction
Post-renal AKI (4)
- Prostatic hypertrophy
- Malignancy (cervical cancer)
- Ureter obstruction
- Kidney stone
AKI symptoms (6)
- Decreased urine output
- Excessive urination
- Lower leg edema
- Decreased sensation in hands or feet
- Changes in mental status or mood
- Seizures
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) definition
- Progressive loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ systems
- Associated with HTN, DM, glomerulonephritis
CKD needs what?
Dialysis
Anemia is due to reduced what?
Erythropoietin production
CKD Symptoms
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Unintentional weight loss
- Fatigue
- Headache
- Increased or decreased urine output
- Easy bruising or bleeding
Causes of bladder cancer
-Smoking
-Toxin exposure
-Parasite infection
-Use of aristolochia fangchi
Artificial sweeteners
Bladder cancer symptoms
- Hematuria
- Pelvic pain
- Pain during urination
Bladder cancer diagnostics (6)
- Urine for cytology
- IVP
- Cystoscopy
- MRI
- CT scan
- Bone scan
