Reproduction Test Flashcards
1
Q
Gametes are also called
A
Spermatozoa (sex cells)
2
Q
Primary organ in the male reproductive system
A
Testes (gonads)
3
Q
Accessory organs for males
A
Scrotum, ducts, glands, and penis
4
Q
Pouch of skin and fascia; houses the testes
A
Scrotum
5
Q
Needs to be 3 degrees lower than body temperature for live sperm
A
Scrotum
6
Q
Paired, oval, each surrounded by 2 tunics
A
Testes
7
Q
Outer tunic
A
Tunica vaginalis
8
Q
Deeper tunic
A
Tunica albuginea (white coat)
9
Q
Divides the testis into compartments called lobules each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules (sperm factories)
A
Deeper tunic layer
10
Q
These tubules converge to form the
A
Rete testis
11
Q
Sperm leave the rete testis to go to the
A
Epidymis
12
Q
Leading cells surround these tubules and produce
A
Testosterone
13
Q
Males role is to produce
A
Gametes
14
Q
What transports sperm from the body?
A
The duct system
15
Q
Epididymis to the vas deferens to the…
A
Urethra
16
Q
20 foot coiled tube
A
Epididymis
17
Q
The epididymis caps the superior portion of the
A
Testis
18
Q
The epididymis receives immature sperm from the
A
Seminiferous tubules
19
Q
The epididymis temporarily stores
A
Sperm
20
Q
How long does it take for sperm to become mobile and fertile?
A
About 20 days
21
Q
The ductus deferens is also called
A
Vas deferens
22
Q
The ductus deferens is about
A
18 inches long
23
Q
The vas deferens ascends into the
A
Pelvic cavity over the bladder and through the prostate gland and merged with the urethra
24
Q
The vas deferens transports sperm from the
A
Epididymis to the urethra
25
When a doctor cuts or cauterizes the vas deferens in the scrotum and sperm cannot reach the body exterior
Vasectomy
26
The terminal end portion of the male duct system
Urethra
27
Conveys urine or semen to the tip of the penis
Urethra
28
What are the accessory glands (4)
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper's gland, an penis
29
2 paired glands located at the base of the bladder
Seminal vesicles
30
Seminal vesicles produce about 60% of
Semen fluid
31
Join ductus deferens right before entering the prostate gland and contain sugar
Seminal vesicles
32
Single walnut sized gland
Prostate gland
33
The prostate gland encircles the upper part of the urethra just below the
Bladder
34
The secretion of the prostate gland plays a role in
Activating sperm
35
Closes off urethra and makes urination difficult. Common in elderly men.
Hypertrophy
36
Paired glands the size of a pea (also called bulbourethral)
Cowper's Glands
37
Cowper's glands produce clear mucus that
Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
38
Copulatory organ that delivers sperm into the vagina
Penis
39
The penis has an attached root and a free shaft that ends in an enlarged tip called
Glans penis
40
Skin covering the penis is loose and slides distally to form the
Foreskin or prepuce
41
Removal of the foreskin after birth
Circumcision
42
The penis internally contains
Erectile tissue (spongy CT, smooth muscle, and vascular spaces)
43
During sexual arousal, the vascular spaces fill with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and come rigid
Erection
44
Failure to attain an erection
Impotence
45
Milky, white fluid that is a mixture of sperm and gland secretions
Semen
46
What is the nutrient for sperm
Fructose
47
What is the amount of semen expelled during ejaculation?
2-6 mL or 500-100 million sperm in each mL
48
What are the causes of male infertility?
Environmental effects, low sperm count, anatomical obstructions, hormonal imbalance
49
Performed because of infertility problems
Semen analysis
50
Semen analysis includes:
Sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology (shape), semen volume, semen pH, semen fructose content
51
Less than 20 million sperm produced per mL makes
Impregnation improbable
52
Production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis
53
Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues
Throughout life
54
How many sperm are produced per day?
Several hundred million
55
Cell division with 2 consecutive divisions resulting in 4 daughter cells each with 1/2 the number of chromosomes. 4 sperm cells are made
Meiosis
56
2n=46
Diploid
57
N=23 (gametes)
Haploid
58
Sperm (23) + egg (23) =
Zygote (46)
59
Spermatids mature to sperm
Spermiogenesis
60
Sperm cells include:
Acrosome, head (nucleus and DNA), mid piece (mitochondria), and tail for motility.
61
Abnormal shape sperm may be due to:
Penicillin, tetracycline, radiation, lead, pesticides, marijuana, cigarettes, and excessive alcohol
62
Steroid hormone that promotes spermatogenesis
Testosterone
63
Testosterone causes ducts, glands, and penis to grow during
Puberty
64
Secondary sex characteristics caused by testosterone:
Hair, deepening voice, increase in skeletal muscles, outlier skin, bones that grow and increase in density
65
Primary reproductive organ for females
Ovaries
66
Produce eggs, estrogen, progesterone, are paired and the size of almonds. Contain many sac like structures called follicles (each contain an immature egg or oocyte)
Ovaries
67
Each month in adult women one mature follicle ejects its oocyte from the ovary
Ovulation
68
The ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum with
Degenerates
69
4 inches by 1 cm that receive ovulated oocyte and provide site where fertilization occurs
Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
70
The Fallopian tubes are not directly connected with the
Ovary
71
Hollow, thick-walked organ that will receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg. Pear sized
Uterus (womb)
72
Consists of a fundus (superior region), body (major portion), isthmus (narrow body region) and the cervix (neck of the uterus)
Uterine organ
73
Layers of the uterine wall
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
74
Outermost serous layer of the uterine wall
Perimetrium
75
Middle, smooth muscle (contracts) of the uterine wall
Myometrium
76
Inner, simple columnar layer (site of implantation) in the uterine wall
Endometrium
77
From cervix to exterior; birth canal; passageway for baby and menstrual flow.
Vagina
78
What is the pH of the vagina and why is that the pH?
3.5-4.0; helps keep free of infection
79
Fold of mucous membrane partly closing the vagina orifice
Hymen
80
The hymen is ruptured during:
Sexual intercourse, pelvic exam, tenpin insertion, and some sports
81
Female external genitalia:
Labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris
82
Homologue to the scrotum, contain hair follicles, enclose and protect minora.
Labia majora
83
Hair free folds, enclosed the vestibule
Labia minora
84
Region contains the clitoris, urethra, vaginal openings, and mucus glands
Vestibule
85
Small structure composed of erectile tissue and nerve endings. Homologue to the penis.
Clitoris
86
Total supply of eggs in the female
700,000
87
Eggs release from
Puberty to about age 50
88
Production of oocyte
Oogenesis
89
Eggs wait about 11-14 years to 50 years to complete
Meiosis
90
Products of oogenesis:
1 egg and 3 polar bodies
91
How many eggs do females release in a lifetime?
400-500
92
Female orgasm is not required for
Conception (fertilization)
93
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicle phase, ovulatory phase, luteal phase
94
Phase (days 1-10) several follicles begin to mature. Produce estrogen (usually 1 egg per month)
Follicle phase
95
Phase (days 11-14) primary oocyte completes meiosis I; ovulation occurs and expels secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity. More than 1 egg expelled at one time= multiple births
Ovulatory phase
96
Phase (days 15-28) ruptured follicle converted to corpus luteum. Produce estrogen and progesterone
Luteal phase
97
Corresponds to ovarian cycle. Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month responding to hormone levels
Uterine (menstral) cycle
98
If egg is NOT fertilized the inner layer of endometrium detaches and is accompanied by bleeding for
3-5 days
99
As new follicles mature estrogen increases and endometrium repairs and readies for
Implantation again
100
Progesterone helps regulate the
Uterine cycle
101
Promotes follicle growth and secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
102
Secondary sex characteristics include:
Breast development, pelvic widening, fat deposits in hips, pubic and scull art hair
103
Cease of ovulation and menses about age 46-54 decrease estrogen levels causing dry vagina which increases infections, thinning of skin, loss of bone mass, and slow increase in cholesterol
Menopause
104
Diagnostic test for cervical cancer by looking at cells from the cervix under a microscope
Pap smear
105
Risk factors for cervical cancer:
STD's, multiple pregnancies, multiple sexual partners, unknown
106
Vaccine given to young women to help prevent 1-2 types of papilloma virus that are known to cause cervical cancer
Gardisil
107
This vaccine does not prevent all types of
Cervical cancer
108
Painful menstruation (cramping)
Dysmenorrhea
109
Absence of menstrual flow
Amenorrhea
110
Surgical removal of the uterus
Hysterectomy
111
Hysterectomies can be performed either through the
Abdominal wall or through the vagina
112
STD's are also called VD which stands for
Venereal disease
113
VD's are infectious diseases spread through
Sexual contact
114
Bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhea
115
Symptoms of gonorrhea in males
Urethritis, painful urination, discharge from penis
116
Female symptoms of gonorrhea
None sometimes, lower abdominal discomfort; vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding
117
If gonorrhea is left untreated in males
They can get urethral constriction
118
If gonorrhea is left untreated in females
They can get pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and sterility
119
What do you treat gonorrhea with?
Penicillin
120
Bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum
Syphilis
121
Syphilis infects the
Lymph and blood
122
2-4 weeks after infection of syphilis
Chancre- red, painless lesion at the site of invasion which ulcerates then heals
123
If syphilis goes untreated secondary signs appear at about 6 weeks
Skin rash, fever, joint pain, anemia, and sometimes hair loss
124
Tertiary stage of syphilis
Destructive lesions of central nervous system, blood vessels, bones, and skin
125
Syphilis is treated with
Penicillin
126
Bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Most common STD
Chlamydia
127
Symptoms of chlamydia
Urethritis, vaginal discharge, abdominal or testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menstrual cycles, and may cause sterility in women
128
What do you treat chlamydia with
Tetracycline
129
Viral infection caused by Herpes simple II
Genital herpes
130
Causes of genital herpes:
Blister-like lesions on the reproductive organs, may increase cervical cancer
131
How much of the american population harbors genital herpes
1/4-1/3
132
In fl 1in 4 teenagers have an
STD
