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Anatomy > Reproduction Test > Flashcards

Reproduction Test Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes are also called

A

Spermatozoa (sex cells)

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2
Q

Primary organ in the male reproductive system

A

Testes (gonads)

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3
Q

Accessory organs for males

A

Scrotum, ducts, glands, and penis

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4
Q

Pouch of skin and fascia; houses the testes

A

Scrotum

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5
Q

Needs to be 3 degrees lower than body temperature for live sperm

A

Scrotum

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6
Q

Paired, oval, each surrounded by 2 tunics

A

Testes

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7
Q

Outer tunic

A

Tunica vaginalis

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8
Q

Deeper tunic

A

Tunica albuginea (white coat)

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9
Q

Divides the testis into compartments called lobules each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules (sperm factories)

A

Deeper tunic layer

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10
Q

These tubules converge to form the

A

Rete testis

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11
Q

Sperm leave the rete testis to go to the

A

Epidymis

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12
Q

Leading cells surround these tubules and produce

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

Males role is to produce

A

Gametes

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14
Q

What transports sperm from the body?

A

The duct system

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15
Q

Epididymis to the vas deferens to the…

A

Urethra

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16
Q

20 foot coiled tube

A

Epididymis

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17
Q

The epididymis caps the superior portion of the

A

Testis

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18
Q

The epididymis receives immature sperm from the

A

Seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

The epididymis temporarily stores

A

Sperm

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20
Q

How long does it take for sperm to become mobile and fertile?

A

About 20 days

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21
Q

The ductus deferens is also called

A

Vas deferens

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22
Q

The ductus deferens is about

A

18 inches long

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23
Q

The vas deferens ascends into the

A

Pelvic cavity over the bladder and through the prostate gland and merged with the urethra

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24
Q

The vas deferens transports sperm from the

A

Epididymis to the urethra

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25
Q

When a doctor cuts or cauterizes the vas deferens in the scrotum and sperm cannot reach the body exterior

A

Vasectomy

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26
Q

The terminal end portion of the male duct system

A

Urethra

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27
Q

Conveys urine or semen to the tip of the penis

A

Urethra

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28
Q

What are the accessory glands (4)

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, an penis

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29
Q

2 paired glands located at the base of the bladder

A

Seminal vesicles

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30
Q

Seminal vesicles produce about 60% of

A

Semen fluid

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31
Q

Join ductus deferens right before entering the prostate gland and contain sugar

A

Seminal vesicles

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32
Q

Single walnut sized gland

A

Prostate gland

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33
Q

The prostate gland encircles the upper part of the urethra just below the

A

Bladder

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34
Q

The secretion of the prostate gland plays a role in

A

Activating sperm

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35
Q

Closes off urethra and makes urination difficult. Common in elderly men.

A

Hypertrophy

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36
Q

Paired glands the size of a pea (also called bulbourethral)

A

Cowper’s Glands

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37
Q

Cowper’s glands produce clear mucus that

A

Neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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38
Q

Copulatory organ that delivers sperm into the vagina

A

Penis

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39
Q

The penis has an attached root and a free shaft that ends in an enlarged tip called

A

Glans penis

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40
Q

Skin covering the penis is loose and slides distally to form the

A

Foreskin or prepuce

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41
Q

Removal of the foreskin after birth

A

Circumcision

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42
Q

The penis internally contains

A

Erectile tissue (spongy CT, smooth muscle, and vascular spaces)

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43
Q

During sexual arousal, the vascular spaces fill with blood that causes the penis to enlarge and come rigid

A

Erection

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44
Q

Failure to attain an erection

A

Impotence

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45
Q

Milky, white fluid that is a mixture of sperm and gland secretions

A

Semen

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46
Q

What is the nutrient for sperm

A

Fructose

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47
Q

What is the amount of semen expelled during ejaculation?

A

2-6 mL or 500-100 million sperm in each mL

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48
Q

What are the causes of male infertility?

A

Environmental effects, low sperm count, anatomical obstructions, hormonal imbalance

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49
Q

Performed because of infertility problems

A

Semen analysis

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50
Q

Semen analysis includes:

A

Sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology (shape), semen volume, semen pH, semen fructose content

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51
Q

Less than 20 million sperm produced per mL makes

A

Impregnation improbable

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52
Q

Production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

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53
Q

Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues

A

Throughout life

54
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

Several hundred million

55
Q

Cell division with 2 consecutive divisions resulting in 4 daughter cells each with 1/2 the number of chromosomes. 4 sperm cells are made

56
Q

2n=46

57
Q

N=23 (gametes)

58
Q

Sperm (23) + egg (23) =

A

Zygote (46)

59
Q

Spermatids mature to sperm

A

Spermiogenesis

60
Q

Sperm cells include:

A

Acrosome, head (nucleus and DNA), mid piece (mitochondria), and tail for motility.

61
Q

Abnormal shape sperm may be due to:

A

Penicillin, tetracycline, radiation, lead, pesticides, marijuana, cigarettes, and excessive alcohol

62
Q

Steroid hormone that promotes spermatogenesis

A

Testosterone

63
Q

Testosterone causes ducts, glands, and penis to grow during

64
Q

Secondary sex characteristics caused by testosterone:

A

Hair, deepening voice, increase in skeletal muscles, outlier skin, bones that grow and increase in density

65
Q

Primary reproductive organ for females

66
Q

Produce eggs, estrogen, progesterone, are paired and the size of almonds. Contain many sac like structures called follicles (each contain an immature egg or oocyte)

67
Q

Each month in adult women one mature follicle ejects its oocyte from the ovary

68
Q

The ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum with

A

Degenerates

69
Q

4 inches by 1 cm that receive ovulated oocyte and provide site where fertilization occurs

A

Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)

70
Q

The Fallopian tubes are not directly connected with the

71
Q

Hollow, thick-walked organ that will receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg. Pear sized

A

Uterus (womb)

72
Q

Consists of a fundus (superior region), body (major portion), isthmus (narrow body region) and the cervix (neck of the uterus)

A

Uterine organ

73
Q

Layers of the uterine wall

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

74
Q

Outermost serous layer of the uterine wall

A

Perimetrium

75
Q

Middle, smooth muscle (contracts) of the uterine wall

A

Myometrium

76
Q

Inner, simple columnar layer (site of implantation) in the uterine wall

A

Endometrium

77
Q

From cervix to exterior; birth canal; passageway for baby and menstrual flow.

78
Q

What is the pH of the vagina and why is that the pH?

A

3.5-4.0; helps keep free of infection

79
Q

Fold of mucous membrane partly closing the vagina orifice

80
Q

The hymen is ruptured during:

A

Sexual intercourse, pelvic exam, tenpin insertion, and some sports

81
Q

Female external genitalia:

A

Labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris

82
Q

Homologue to the scrotum, contain hair follicles, enclose and protect minora.

A

Labia majora

83
Q

Hair free folds, enclosed the vestibule

A

Labia minora

84
Q

Region contains the clitoris, urethra, vaginal openings, and mucus glands

85
Q

Small structure composed of erectile tissue and nerve endings. Homologue to the penis.

86
Q

Total supply of eggs in the female

87
Q

Eggs release from

A

Puberty to about age 50

88
Q

Production of oocyte

89
Q

Eggs wait about 11-14 years to 50 years to complete

90
Q

Products of oogenesis:

A

1 egg and 3 polar bodies

91
Q

How many eggs do females release in a lifetime?

92
Q

Female orgasm is not required for

A

Conception (fertilization)

93
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle phase, ovulatory phase, luteal phase

94
Q

Phase (days 1-10) several follicles begin to mature. Produce estrogen (usually 1 egg per month)

A

Follicle phase

95
Q

Phase (days 11-14) primary oocyte completes meiosis I; ovulation occurs and expels secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity. More than 1 egg expelled at one time= multiple births

A

Ovulatory phase

96
Q

Phase (days 15-28) ruptured follicle converted to corpus luteum. Produce estrogen and progesterone

A

Luteal phase

97
Q

Corresponds to ovarian cycle. Series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month responding to hormone levels

A

Uterine (menstral) cycle

98
Q

If egg is NOT fertilized the inner layer of endometrium detaches and is accompanied by bleeding for

99
Q

As new follicles mature estrogen increases and endometrium repairs and readies for

A

Implantation again

100
Q

Progesterone helps regulate the

A

Uterine cycle

101
Q

Promotes follicle growth and secondary sex characteristics

102
Q

Secondary sex characteristics include:

A

Breast development, pelvic widening, fat deposits in hips, pubic and scull art hair

103
Q

Cease of ovulation and menses about age 46-54 decrease estrogen levels causing dry vagina which increases infections, thinning of skin, loss of bone mass, and slow increase in cholesterol

104
Q

Diagnostic test for cervical cancer by looking at cells from the cervix under a microscope

105
Q

Risk factors for cervical cancer:

A

STD’s, multiple pregnancies, multiple sexual partners, unknown

106
Q

Vaccine given to young women to help prevent 1-2 types of papilloma virus that are known to cause cervical cancer

107
Q

This vaccine does not prevent all types of

A

Cervical cancer

108
Q

Painful menstruation (cramping)

A

Dysmenorrhea

109
Q

Absence of menstrual flow

A

Amenorrhea

110
Q

Surgical removal of the uterus

A

Hysterectomy

111
Q

Hysterectomies can be performed either through the

A

Abdominal wall or through the vagina

112
Q

STD’s are also called VD which stands for

A

Venereal disease

113
Q

VD’s are infectious diseases spread through

A

Sexual contact

114
Q

Bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

115
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhea in males

A

Urethritis, painful urination, discharge from penis

116
Q

Female symptoms of gonorrhea

A

None sometimes, lower abdominal discomfort; vaginal discharge, abnormal uterine bleeding

117
Q

If gonorrhea is left untreated in males

A

They can get urethral constriction

118
Q

If gonorrhea is left untreated in females

A

They can get pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and sterility

119
Q

What do you treat gonorrhea with?

A

Penicillin

120
Q

Bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum

121
Q

Syphilis infects the

A

Lymph and blood

122
Q

2-4 weeks after infection of syphilis

A

Chancre- red, painless lesion at the site of invasion which ulcerates then heals

123
Q

If syphilis goes untreated secondary signs appear at about 6 weeks

A

Skin rash, fever, joint pain, anemia, and sometimes hair loss

124
Q

Tertiary stage of syphilis

A

Destructive lesions of central nervous system, blood vessels, bones, and skin

125
Q

Syphilis is treated with

A

Penicillin

126
Q

Bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Most common STD

127
Q

Symptoms of chlamydia

A

Urethritis, vaginal discharge, abdominal or testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menstrual cycles, and may cause sterility in women

128
Q

What do you treat chlamydia with

A

Tetracycline

129
Q

Viral infection caused by Herpes simple II

A

Genital herpes

130
Q

Causes of genital herpes:

A

Blister-like lesions on the reproductive organs, may increase cervical cancer

131
Q

How much of the american population harbors genital herpes

132
Q

In fl 1in 4 teenagers have an

Anatomy (19 decks)

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