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Anatomy > Blood Test > Flashcards

Blood Test Flashcards

0
Q

When centrifuges whole blood will separate into what?

A

Components

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1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A 
Formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets)
Fluid matrix (plasma)
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2
Q

Plasma makes up how much of blood?

A

55%

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3
Q

How much of blood does the Buffy coat make up?

A

<1%

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4
Q

What is the Buffy coat made of?

A

WBC (leukocytes) and platelets

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5
Q

Red blood cells are also called

A

Erythrocytes

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6
Q

How much of blood do red blood cells make up?

A

45%

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7
Q

Red blood cells are

A

Heavy and fall to the bottom

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8
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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9
Q

Blood is bright scarlet red when it is

A

Oxygen rich

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10
Q

Blood is dull brick red when it is

A

Oxygen poor

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11
Q

Normal adults have about how much blood?

A

5L total (4-5 for females) and (5-6L for males)

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12
Q

Plasma is made 90% of what?

A

Water

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13
Q

Greater than 100 different substances are dissolved where?

A

Plasma

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14
Q

What are the solutes in plasma?

A

Nutrients, salts, oxygen, CO2, hormones, proteins, and wastes

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15
Q

Plasma contains what to stop bleeding?

A

Clotting proteins

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16
Q

What color is plasma?

A

Straw color and clear

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17
Q

What do red blood cells do? (Erythrocytes)

A

Carry oxygen to all body cells

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18
Q

What shape are erythrocytes?

A

Disk shape (biconcave and anvcleate)

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19
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

120 days

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20
Q

What do erythrocytes contain?

A

Hemaglobin (an iron protein that carries oxygen and CO2)

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21
Q

Hemoglobin in RBCs contributes to the

A

Thickness (viscosity) of blood

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22
Q

RBCs outnumber WBCs by how much?

A

1000:1

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23
Q

Each RBC can carry

A

1 billion molecules of oxygen

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24
Q

What is anemia?

A

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of blood

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25
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A
  1. Iron deficiency
  2. Decreased number of RBCs or decrease # of functioning RBCs
  3. Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin such as sickle cell
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26
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

A genetic disorder (recessive trait) where cells become spiky and sickle shaped and oxygen in the blood is lower than normal.

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27
Q

In sickle cell anemia what can happen to the sickle cells?

A

The cells can rupture or clog up small blood vessels; this causes severe pain.

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28
Q

How do you treat sickle cell anemia?

A

With oxygen to regain disk shape or with blood transfusions from healthy donors.

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29
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excessive or abnormal increase in the number of RBCs

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30
Q

What are the causes of polycythemia?

A
  1. Living at high altitudes

2. Bone marrow cancer

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31
Q

How is bone marrow cancer treated?

A

Blood letting

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32
Q

Increased blood viscosity makes it hard to pump what through your body?

A

Blood

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33
Q

What do leukocytes do? (WBCs)

A

Fight infections (bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells)

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34
Q

Leukocytes do have a what?

A

Nucleus

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35
Q

How many different types of WBCs are thee in the blood?

A

5

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36
Q

What is it called when leukocytes come out of the blood and go into the tissues?

A

Diapedisis

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37
Q

What is it called when leukocytes locate areas of tissue damage and infection and respond?

A

Positive chemotaxis

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38
Q

In sickness your bone marrow will do what to help kill intruders?

A

Make twice the number of leukocytes

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39
Q

What is it called when bone marrow make twice the number of WBCs? And what does it indicate?

A

Leukocytosis; indicates a bacterial or viral infection such as infectious mononucleosis

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40
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

Abnormally low WBC count

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41
Q

What is leukopenia caused by?

A

Drugs

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42
Q

When WBCs in bone marrow become cancerous

A

Leukemia

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43
Q

In leukemia huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly to blood stream and are…

A

Incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions. Can be fatal.

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44
Q

What are the 2 major groups of WBCs

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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45
Q

Cells with granules and lobed nuclei

A

Granulocytes

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46
Q

Type of granulocyte that are the most abundant WBC; fight off bacteria. Granules stain pink

A

Neutrophils

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47
Q

Type of granulocyte that increases during allergies and parasitic worm infections. Granules stain orange/red

A

Eosinophils

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48
Q

Type of granulocyte that is the rarest. Granules stain blue and contains histamine (which promotes inflammation/heparin) (inhibits blood clotting)

A

Basophils

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49
Q

Lack visible granules

A

Agranulocytes

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50
Q

Type of agranulocyte that is the 2nd numerous WBC. Has a large dark purple nucleus and tiny cytoplasm.

A

Lymphocytes

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51
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

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52
Q

What do T cells and B cells fight?

A

Viruses, tumor cells, and transplanted cells. Make antibodies in the body’s immune response

53
Q

Type of agranulocyte that is the largest WBC that fights viruses. Acts as macrophages and eat bacteria and cell debris

A

Monocytes

54
Q

Small fragments of a large cell called a megakaryocyte in the bone marrow.

A

Platelets

55
Q

Platelets help to…

A

Stop bleeding by sticking together and sealing off a cut or broken blood vessel.

56
Q

Platelets are…

A

Very tiny and stain purple

57
Q

Where do blood cells form?

A

In the bone marrow inside bones by stem cells located there

58
Q

The blood cells in the bone marrow mature and do what?

A

Move into blood stream

59
Q

How long does it take for RBCs to mature and enter the blood stream?

A

3-5 days

60
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

120 days

61
Q

When RBCs die what are they removed by?

A

The spleen

62
Q

What is the rate of production of RBCs controlled by?

A

The hormone erythropoietin

63
Q

Erythropoietin is released by the kidney when

A

Oxygen levels decline and it stimulates the bone marrow to speed up RBC production.

64
Q

Production of WBCs occur in response to…

A

Infections

65
Q

What are platelets also called?

A

Thrombocytes

66
Q

Thrombocytes increase due to

A

Bleeding problems

67
Q

Hemostasis means

A

To stop blood

68
Q

Bleeding is stopped in how many phases?

A

3

69
Q

In the 1st phase what constricts to help shrink the size of the hole (vascular spasm)

A

Blood vessels

70
Q

In the 2nd phase the platelets do what?

A

Make a plug in the hole

71
Q

In the third phase what takes place?

A

Coagulation (clotting)

72
Q

In the first phase to stop bleeding the platelets release what to cause the blood vessels to constrict?

A

Serotonin

73
Q

In the 2nd phase to stop bleeding platelets become sticky to…

A

Cling to the hole

74
Q

What interferes with platelets becoming sticky?

A

Aspirin cause bleeding to take longer to stop

75
Q

In the clotting phase your liver makes how many blood clotting proteins?

A

13

76
Q

What is needed in your diet to make the 13 blood clotting proteins?

A

Vitamin K

77
Q

The 13 proteins become activated when?

A

When you get a cut in a blood vessel

78
Q

The 13 proteins form a…

A

Fibrin mesh that seals the hole

79
Q

The fibrin mesh seals within

A

3-6 minutes

80
Q

All 13 proteins are needed to …

A

Clot

81
Q

A clot when you don’t need it

A

Thrombus

82
Q

The thrombus can…

A

Block vessels and cause a heart attack

83
Q

If a thrombus dislodges and floats it can cause a …

A

Stroke called embolus

84
Q

Hemophilia is a

A

Hereditary bleeding disorder

85
Q

People with hemophilia are missing what?

A

The clotting protein 8

86
Q

How do you treat hemophilia?

A

Injection of donated factor 8 from healthy donors

87
Q

People with hemophilia will need treatment their…

A

Entire lives

88
Q

Red cells have over how many proteins on their membranes?

A

30

89
Q

The 30 proteins are inherited from where?

A

Your parents

90
Q

How many of the RBC proteins are extremely important when transfusing blood from a donor to recipient

A

3

91
Q

These 3 proteins (antigens) make up your

A

Blood type

92
Q

Type A blood has

A

A antigens on RBCs

93
Q

Type B has

A

B antigens on RBCs

94
Q

Type AB blood has both

A

A and B antigens on RBCs

95
Q

Type O blood has neither

A

Antigens (most common blood type)

96
Q

Blood group antigens must be what before transfusing?

A

Matched

97
Q

Each person has what in their plasma to fight off what?

A

Antibodies; foreign antigens

98
Q

If mismatched blood is transfused these antibodies will

A

Rupture the transfused cells and can cause kidney failure and death

99
Q

Antibodies are formed when?

A

During infancy

100
Q

These antibodies are formed against what?

A

ABO antigen not present in your RBCs

101
Q

Type A forms

A

Anti-B

102
Q

Type B forms

A

Anti-A

103
Q

Type AB forms

A

None

104
Q

Type O forms

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

105
Q

What is the 3rd important blood group?

A

D ; called Rh

106
Q

If you inherit the D you are considered

A

Positive

107
Q

If you do not inherit the D you are considered

A

Negative

108
Q

80% of the population is

A

Positive

109
Q

Pregnant Rh- women who carry Rh+ babies can have

A

Problems

110
Q

Blood can be exchanged from mom to baby during the birthing process. A mom can form and antibody against

A

The D on the baby’s anti-D

111
Q

This can attack subsequent pregnancies if the mother carries

A

Rh+ baby

112
Q

What are the treatments for these pregnancy problems?

A

A RhoGAM shot that keeps the mom from forming antibodies against their baby’s cells.

113
Q

Without a RhoGAM shot what can happen?

A

A moms anti- D can rupture her baby cells and cause Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

114
Q

What are the symptoms of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn?

A

Anemia, low oxygen levels, and possibly death

115
Q

Artificially made anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D are mixed with red cells of the person to be

A

Typed

116
Q

If the antigen is present in the red cell membrane the antibody will bind with it and cause all neighboring cells to

A

Clump together

117
Q

The clumping together of all the neighboring cells is called

A

Agglutination

118
Q

Agglutination can be seen with your eyes as clumps called

A

Agglutinates

119
Q

Type A clumps with

A

Anti-A

120
Q

Type B clumps with

A

Anti-B

121
Q

Type AB clumps with

A

Anti-A and Anti-B

122
Q

Type O

A

Does not clump

123
Q

Donated blood is tested with what before a transfusion can begin?

A

Patients blood

124
Q

Blood from the donated unit is mixed with what from the patient to make sure the patient will not reject the donated blood?

A

Plasma

125
Q

Doctors and nurses will monitor the patient to make sure the blood is compatible and does not cause

A

Problems

126
Q

Type A patient can receive blood from types

A

A and O

127
Q

Type B patient can receive blood from type

A

B and O

128
Q

Type AB can receive blood from types

A

A, AB, B, and O

129
Q

Type O can receive from

A

Type O only

130
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

131
Q

What is the universal donor?

A

Type O

Anatomy (19 decks)

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