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USMLE Step 1 Random Facts > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

vagina histo (H)

A

stratified squamous epith, nonkeratinized

contains glycogen

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2
Q

ectocervix H

A

stratified squamous epith

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3
Q

endocervix H

A

simple columnar epith

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4
Q

uterus H

A

simple columnar epith, pseudostratified tubular glands

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5
Q

fallopian tube H

A

simple columnar epith, ciliated (helps transport egg)

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6
Q

ovary H

A

simple cuboidal (germinal) epith

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7
Q

1st aortic arch

A

part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)

“1st arch is MAXimal”

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8
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

stapedial artery
hyoid artery

“Second = Stapedial”

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9
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

common carotid artery
prox part of internal carotid artery

“C is 3rd letter of alphabet”

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10
Q

4th aortic arch

A

on left: aortic arch
on right: prox part of right subclavian artery

“4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic

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11
Q

6th aortic arch

A

prox part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

1sr branchial cleft

A

develops into external auditory meatus

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13
Q

2nd - 4th branchial clefts

A

form temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by prolif of 2nd arch mesenchyme

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14
Q

1st branchial pouch

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

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15
Q

2nd branchial pouch

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

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16
Q

3rd branchial pouch

A

dorsal wings –> inferior parathyroids

ventral wings –> thymus

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17
Q

4th branchial pouch

A

dorsal wing - superior parathyroids

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18
Q

mneumonic for branchial pouches

A

Ear, tonsils, bottom-to-top

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19
Q

causes of polyhydramnios

A

decreased fetal swallowing:
esophageal/duodenal atresia
anencephaly

increased fetal urination:
high cardiac output due to anemia
twin-twin transfusion synd

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20
Q

causes of oligohydramnios

A

placental insufficiency
bilat renal agenesis
post urethral valves (in males)

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21
Q

oligohydramnios can give rise to?

A

Potter’s synd

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22
Q

first sign of puberty in boys

A

testicular enlargement

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23
Q

first sign of puberty in girls

A

breast enlargement

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24
Q

kallman synd classical signs

A

anosmia + central hypogondism

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25
Q

defect in Kallman synd

A

DECREASE synth of GnRH in hypothalamus;

commonly mut of KAL-1 gene or FGFR-1 gene

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26
Q

best test for menopause?

A

FSH (should be INCREASED bc of loss of negative feedback due to DECREASED estrogen)

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27
Q

Hesselbach’s triangle

A

inferior epigastric vessels
lateral border of rectus abdominus
inguinal ligament

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28
Q

testicular germ cell tumors?

A 
seminoma
yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
embryonal carcinoma
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29
Q

testicular non-germ cell tumors

A

Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
testicular lymphoma

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30
Q

testicular seminoma

A

“fried-egg appearance” (similar to koilocytes)
most common
painless

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31
Q

testicular yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (look like primitive glomeruli)
increased AFP
most common up to age 3

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32
Q

choriocarcinoma

A

increased hCG
disordered synciotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblast elements
hematogenous spread to lungs

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33
Q

testicular teratoma

A

malignant (diff from females)
increased hCG
increased AFP (50%)
teeth + hair

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34
Q

embryonal carcinoma

A

painful
normal AFP, increased hCG
glandular/papillary morphology

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35
Q

Leydig cell tumor

A

Reinke crystals
testosterone secreting
gynecomastia
golden brown color

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36
Q

Sertoli cell tumor

A

secrete estrogen

gynecomastia

37
Q

testicular lymphoma

A

most common in older men

38
Q

excess unopposed estrogen = main RF in?

A

endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma

39
Q

menorrhagia w/ enlarged uterus + NO palpable pain

A

leiomyoma

40
Q

pelvic pain present ONLY during menstruation

A

endometriosis

41
Q

dx by endometrial biopsy

A

endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma

42
Q

definitive dx + tx by laproscopy

A

endometriosis

43
Q

menstruating tissue w/in myometrium

A

adenomyosis

44
Q

chocolate cyst of ovary

A

endometriosis

45
Q

elevated LH seen in?

A

normal surge before ovulation
menopause
PCOS
Androgen insensitivity synd

46
Q

ovarian tumor prod AFP

A

yolk sac

47
Q

ovarian tumor prod estrogen, leading to precocious puberty

A

Granulosa-theca cell

48
Q

ovarian tumor w/ intraperitoneal accum of mucinous material

A

mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

49
Q

ovarian tumor that’s testosterone-secreting, leading to virilization

A

Sertoli-Leydig cell

50
Q

ovarian tumor w/ Psammoma bodies

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

51
Q

ovarian tumor lined w/ fallopian tube-like epith

A

serous cystadenoma

52
Q

ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax

A

Meig’s synd of ovarian fibroma

53
Q

ovarian tumor w/ Call-Exner bodies

A

Granulosa-theca cell

54
Q

ovarian tumor that resembles bladder epithelium

A

Brenner tumor

55
Q

ovarian tumor w/ elevated beta-hCG

A

choriocarcinoma

56
Q

what are Call-Exner bodies?

A

disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid

57
Q

Sonic hedgehog gene

A

prod @ base of limbs in ZPA
patterning along A-P axis; impt in CNS dev’t
mut = holoprosencephaly

58
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

prod @ apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm @ distal end of each developing limb)
proper org of dorsal-ventral axis (so feet and nose point in same direction)

59
Q

FGF gene

A

prod @ apical ectodermal ridge

does limb lengthening

60
Q

Hox gene

A

does segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal fashion (“makes sure skeleton laid out correctly”)
mut = appendages in wrong locations

61
Q

treacher collins synd is failure of what arch

A

1st arch neural crest cells fail to migrate

mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnorms

62
Q

suspensory ligament of ovaries (aka infundibulopelvic ligament)

A

ovaries to lateral pelvic wall

contains: ovarian vessels
ureter @ risk during ligation of ovarian vessels in oophorectomy

63
Q

cardinal ligament

A

cervix to side wall of pelvis

contains: uterine vessels
ureter @ risk during ligation of uterine vessels in oophorectomy

64
Q

round ligament of uterus

A

uterine fundus to labia majora

contains: artery of Sampson
deriv of gubernaculum

65
Q

broad ligament

A

uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries to pelvic side wall

contains: ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligament of uterus
composed of: mesosalpinx, mesovarium, mesometrium

**ligated during hysterectomies!!

66
Q

ligament of the ovary

A

medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus

deriv of gubernaculum

67
Q

male sexual response innervations:

A 
erection = Parasymp (pelvic nerves)
emission = Sympath (hypogastric n.)
ejaculation = visceral/somatic (pudendal n.)

Point and Shoot!!

68
Q

blood-testis barrier forms b/w

A

spermatogonium + primary spermatocyte

69
Q

estrogen types

A

ovary - estradiol
placenta - estriol
adipose - estrone (via aromatization)

70
Q

FSH, LH actions/sites

A

LH –> Theca cells –> converts cholesterol to androstenedione via DESMOLASE

FSH –> Granulosa cell –> converts androstenedione –> estrogen via AROMATASE

71
Q

elevation of progesterone indicates:

A

ovulation

72
Q

Klinefelter hormone changes

A

increased FSH and LH due to lack of inhibin (for FSH) + testosterone (for LH) feedback regulation
increased LH –> increased estrogen

73
Q

Turner hormone changes

A

decreased estrogen –> increased FSH, LH

74
Q

cause of preeclampsia/eclampsia

A

placental ischemia due to impaired vasodil of spiral arteries

75
Q

tx of seizures of eclampsia

A

IV Mg sulfate

76
Q

abruptio placenta

A

premature detachment of placenta from implant site
ass w/ DIC
RF: smoking, HTN, cocaine use, trauma (MVA), abuse
dx = check for fetal blood cells in maternal blood (Kleihauer-Betke test)

painFUL bleed in 3rd trimester
life threatening for both

77
Q

placenta accreta

A

defective decidual layer –> placenta ATTACHES to myometrium w/ NO separation of placenta after birth –> causes MASSIVE bleeding after delivery
RF: prior C-section, inflamm, placenta previa

78
Q

placenta previa

A

placenta over the cerivical os (placenta is attached to lower uterine segment)
RF: nulliparity, prior C-section

painLESS bleed in ANY trimester (usually 3rd)
dx = US
tx = C-section

79
Q

placenta INcreta

A

grows INto wall of uterus

80
Q

placenta percreta

A

perforates thru uterus + invades

81
Q

tx of PCOS (5!):

A

1) wt reduction (decreases insulin levels)
2) low dose OCPs or medroxyprogesterone (decreases LH and androgenesis)
3) spironolactone (antagonizes androgen receptors - tx acne, hirsutism)
4) clomiphene or leuprolide (increases ovulation)
5) metformin (for pts w/ diabetes or sympt of metabolic synd)

82
Q

most impt RF for ovarian cancer

A

family history

83
Q

BPH is enlargement of?

A

periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes [aka transition zone]

84
Q

prostate cancer arise from what zone?

A

peripheral zone (posterior lobe) - is what is felt during rectal exam

85
Q

tx for prostate cancer?

A

flutamide (inhib testosterone @ receptor)

86
Q

hormone changes in cryptorchidism

A

decreased inhibin
increased FSH, LH
testosterone: decreased if bilat, NORMAL if unilat

87
Q

cause of Peyronie’s disease

A

inflamm of tunica albuginea –> fibrous tissue formation

88
Q

how does ketoconazole inhib steroid synth

A

inhib desmolase

USMLE Step 1 Random Facts (35 decks)

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