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USMLE Step 1 Random Facts > Repro > Flashcards

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1
Q

vagina histo (H)

A

stratified squamous epith, nonkeratinized

contains glycogen

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2
Q

ectocervix H

A

stratified squamous epith

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3
Q

endocervix H

A

simple columnar epith

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4
Q

uterus H

A

simple columnar epith, pseudostratified tubular glands

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5
Q

fallopian tube H

A

simple columnar epith, ciliated (helps transport egg)

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6
Q

ovary H

A

simple cuboidal (germinal) epith

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7
Q

1st aortic arch

A

part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)

“1st arch is MAXimal”

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8
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

stapedial artery
hyoid artery

“Second = Stapedial”

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9
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

common carotid artery
prox part of internal carotid artery

“C is 3rd letter of alphabet”

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10
Q

4th aortic arch

A

on left: aortic arch
on right: prox part of right subclavian artery

“4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic

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11
Q

6th aortic arch

A

prox part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

1sr branchial cleft

A

develops into external auditory meatus

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13
Q

2nd - 4th branchial clefts

A

form temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by prolif of 2nd arch mesenchyme

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14
Q

1st branchial pouch

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

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15
Q

2nd branchial pouch

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

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16
Q

3rd branchial pouch

A

dorsal wings –> inferior parathyroids

ventral wings –> thymus

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17
Q

4th branchial pouch

A

dorsal wing - superior parathyroids

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18
Q

mneumonic for branchial pouches

A

Ear, tonsils, bottom-to-top

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19
Q

causes of polyhydramnios

A

decreased fetal swallowing:
esophageal/duodenal atresia
anencephaly

increased fetal urination:
high cardiac output due to anemia
twin-twin transfusion synd

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20
Q

causes of oligohydramnios

A

placental insufficiency
bilat renal agenesis
post urethral valves (in males)

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21
Q

oligohydramnios can give rise to?

A

Potter’s synd

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22
Q

first sign of puberty in boys

A

testicular enlargement

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23
Q

first sign of puberty in girls

A

breast enlargement

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24
Q

kallman synd classical signs

A

anosmia + central hypogondism

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25
defect in Kallman synd
DECREASE synth of GnRH in hypothalamus; commonly mut of KAL-1 gene or FGFR-1 gene
26
best test for menopause?
FSH (should be INCREASED bc of loss of negative feedback due to DECREASED estrogen)
27
Hesselbach's triangle
inferior epigastric vessels lateral border of rectus abdominus inguinal ligament
28
testicular germ cell tumors?
``` seminoma yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor choriocarcinoma Teratoma embryonal carcinoma ```
29
testicular non-germ cell tumors
Leydig cell Sertoli cell testicular lymphoma
30
testicular seminoma
"fried-egg appearance" (similar to koilocytes) most common painless
31
testicular yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
Schiller-Duval bodies (look like primitive glomeruli) increased AFP most common up to age 3
32
choriocarcinoma
increased hCG disordered synciotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblast elements hematogenous spread to lungs
33
testicular teratoma
malignant (diff from females) increased hCG increased AFP (50%) teeth + hair
34
embryonal carcinoma
painful normal AFP, increased hCG glandular/papillary morphology
35
Leydig cell tumor
Reinke crystals testosterone secreting gynecomastia golden brown color
36
Sertoli cell tumor
secrete estrogen | gynecomastia
37
testicular lymphoma
most common in older men
38
excess unopposed estrogen = main RF in?
endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma
39
menorrhagia w/ enlarged uterus + NO palpable pain
leiomyoma
40
pelvic pain present ONLY during menstruation
endometriosis
41
dx by endometrial biopsy
endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma
42
definitive dx + tx by laproscopy
endometriosis
43
menstruating tissue w/in myometrium
adenomyosis
44
chocolate cyst of ovary
endometriosis
45
elevated LH seen in?
normal surge before ovulation menopause PCOS Androgen insensitivity synd
46
ovarian tumor prod AFP
yolk sac
47
ovarian tumor prod estrogen, leading to precocious puberty
Granulosa-theca cell
48
ovarian tumor w/ intraperitoneal accum of mucinous material
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
49
ovarian tumor that's testosterone-secreting, leading to virilization
Sertoli-Leydig cell
50
ovarian tumor w/ Psammoma bodies
serous cystadenocarcinoma
51
ovarian tumor lined w/ fallopian tube-like epith
serous cystadenoma
52
ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meig's synd of ovarian fibroma
53
ovarian tumor w/ Call-Exner bodies
Granulosa-theca cell
54
ovarian tumor that resembles bladder epithelium
Brenner tumor
55
ovarian tumor w/ elevated beta-hCG
choriocarcinoma
56
what are Call-Exner bodies?
disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
57
Sonic hedgehog gene
prod @ base of limbs in ZPA patterning along A-P axis; impt in CNS dev't mut = holoprosencephaly
58
Wnt-7 gene
prod @ apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm @ distal end of each developing limb) proper org of dorsal-ventral axis (so feet and nose point in same direction)
59
FGF gene
prod @ apical ectodermal ridge | does limb lengthening
60
Hox gene
does segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal fashion ("makes sure skeleton laid out correctly") mut = appendages in wrong locations
61
treacher collins synd is failure of what arch
1st arch neural crest cells fail to migrate | mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnorms
62
suspensory ligament of ovaries (aka infundibulopelvic ligament)
ovaries to lateral pelvic wall contains: ovarian vessels ureter @ risk during ligation of ovarian vessels in oophorectomy
63
cardinal ligament
cervix to side wall of pelvis contains: uterine vessels ureter @ risk during ligation of uterine vessels in oophorectomy
64
round ligament of uterus
uterine fundus to labia majora contains: artery of Sampson deriv of gubernaculum
65
broad ligament
uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries to pelvic side wall contains: ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligament of uterus composed of: mesosalpinx, mesovarium, mesometrium **ligated during hysterectomies!!
66
ligament of the ovary
medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus | deriv of gubernaculum
67
male sexual response innervations:
``` erection = Parasymp (pelvic nerves) emission = Sympath (hypogastric n.) ejaculation = visceral/somatic (pudendal n.) ``` Point and Shoot!!
68
blood-testis barrier forms b/w
spermatogonium + primary spermatocyte
69
estrogen types
ovary - estradiol placenta - estriol adipose - estrone (via aromatization)
70
FSH, LH actions/sites
LH --> Theca cells --> converts cholesterol to androstenedione via DESMOLASE FSH --> Granulosa cell --> converts androstenedione --> estrogen via AROMATASE
71
elevation of progesterone indicates:
ovulation
72
Klinefelter hormone changes
increased FSH and LH due to lack of inhibin (for FSH) + testosterone (for LH) feedback regulation increased LH --> increased estrogen
73
Turner hormone changes
decreased estrogen --> increased FSH, LH
74
cause of preeclampsia/eclampsia
placental ischemia due to impaired vasodil of spiral arteries
75
tx of seizures of eclampsia
IV Mg sulfate
76
abruptio placenta
premature detachment of placenta from implant site ass w/ DIC RF: smoking, HTN, cocaine use, trauma (MVA), abuse dx = check for fetal blood cells in maternal blood (Kleihauer-Betke test) painFUL bleed in 3rd trimester life threatening for both
77
placenta accreta
defective decidual layer --> placenta ATTACHES to myometrium w/ NO separation of placenta after birth --> causes MASSIVE bleeding after delivery RF: prior C-section, inflamm, placenta previa
78
placenta previa
placenta over the cerivical os (placenta is attached to lower uterine segment) RF: nulliparity, prior C-section painLESS bleed in ANY trimester (usually 3rd) dx = US tx = C-section
79
placenta INcreta
grows INto wall of uterus
80
placenta percreta
perforates thru uterus + invades
81
tx of PCOS (5!):
1) wt reduction (decreases insulin levels) 2) low dose OCPs or medroxyprogesterone (decreases LH and androgenesis) 3) spironolactone (antagonizes androgen receptors - tx acne, hirsutism) 4) clomiphene or leuprolide (increases ovulation) 5) metformin (for pts w/ diabetes or sympt of metabolic synd)
82
most impt RF for ovarian cancer
family history
83
BPH is enlargement of?
periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes [aka transition zone]
84
prostate cancer arise from what zone?
peripheral zone (posterior lobe) - is what is felt during rectal exam
85
tx for prostate cancer?
flutamide (inhib testosterone @ receptor)
86
hormone changes in cryptorchidism
decreased inhibin increased FSH, LH testosterone: decreased if bilat, NORMAL if unilat
87
cause of Peyronie's disease
inflamm of tunica albuginea --> fibrous tissue formation
88
how does ketoconazole inhib steroid synth
inhib desmolase

USMLE Step 1 Random Facts (35 decks)

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