Repro Flashcards
vagina histo (H)
stratified squamous epith, nonkeratinized
contains glycogen
ectocervix H
stratified squamous epith
endocervix H
simple columnar epith
uterus H
simple columnar epith, pseudostratified tubular glands
fallopian tube H
simple columnar epith, ciliated (helps transport egg)
ovary H
simple cuboidal (germinal) epith
1st aortic arch
part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)
“1st arch is MAXimal”
2nd aortic arch
stapedial artery
hyoid artery
“Second = Stapedial”
3rd aortic arch
common carotid artery
prox part of internal carotid artery
“C is 3rd letter of alphabet”
4th aortic arch
on left: aortic arch
on right: prox part of right subclavian artery
“4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic
6th aortic arch
prox part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus
1sr branchial cleft
develops into external auditory meatus
2nd - 4th branchial clefts
form temporary cervical sinuses, which are obliterated by prolif of 2nd arch mesenchyme
1st branchial pouch
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
2nd branchial pouch
epithelial lining of palatine tonsil
3rd branchial pouch
dorsal wings –> inferior parathyroids
ventral wings –> thymus
4th branchial pouch
dorsal wing - superior parathyroids
mneumonic for branchial pouches
Ear, tonsils, bottom-to-top
causes of polyhydramnios
decreased fetal swallowing:
esophageal/duodenal atresia
anencephaly
increased fetal urination:
high cardiac output due to anemia
twin-twin transfusion synd
causes of oligohydramnios
placental insufficiency
bilat renal agenesis
post urethral valves (in males)
oligohydramnios can give rise to?
Potter’s synd
first sign of puberty in boys
testicular enlargement
first sign of puberty in girls
breast enlargement
kallman synd classical signs
anosmia + central hypogondism
defect in Kallman synd
DECREASE synth of GnRH in hypothalamus;
commonly mut of KAL-1 gene or FGFR-1 gene
best test for menopause?
FSH (should be INCREASED bc of loss of negative feedback due to DECREASED estrogen)
Hesselbach’s triangle
inferior epigastric vessels
lateral border of rectus abdominus
inguinal ligament
testicular germ cell tumors?
seminoma yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor choriocarcinoma Teratoma embryonal carcinoma
testicular non-germ cell tumors
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
testicular lymphoma
testicular seminoma
“fried-egg appearance” (similar to koilocytes)
most common
painless
testicular yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
Schiller-Duval bodies (look like primitive glomeruli)
increased AFP
most common up to age 3
choriocarcinoma
increased hCG
disordered synciotrophoblasts/cytotrophoblast elements
hematogenous spread to lungs
testicular teratoma
malignant (diff from females)
increased hCG
increased AFP (50%)
teeth + hair
embryonal carcinoma
painful
normal AFP, increased hCG
glandular/papillary morphology
Leydig cell tumor
Reinke crystals
testosterone secreting
gynecomastia
golden brown color
Sertoli cell tumor
secrete estrogen
gynecomastia
testicular lymphoma
most common in older men
excess unopposed estrogen = main RF in?
endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma
menorrhagia w/ enlarged uterus + NO palpable pain
leiomyoma
pelvic pain present ONLY during menstruation
endometriosis
dx by endometrial biopsy
endometrial hyperplasia/carcinoma
definitive dx + tx by laproscopy
endometriosis
menstruating tissue w/in myometrium
adenomyosis
chocolate cyst of ovary
endometriosis
elevated LH seen in?
normal surge before ovulation
menopause
PCOS
Androgen insensitivity synd
ovarian tumor prod AFP
yolk sac
ovarian tumor prod estrogen, leading to precocious puberty
Granulosa-theca cell
ovarian tumor w/ intraperitoneal accum of mucinous material
mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
ovarian tumor that’s testosterone-secreting, leading to virilization
Sertoli-Leydig cell
ovarian tumor w/ Psammoma bodies
serous cystadenocarcinoma
ovarian tumor lined w/ fallopian tube-like epith
serous cystadenoma
ovarian tumor + ascites + hydrothorax
Meig’s synd of ovarian fibroma
ovarian tumor w/ Call-Exner bodies
Granulosa-theca cell
ovarian tumor that resembles bladder epithelium
Brenner tumor
ovarian tumor w/ elevated beta-hCG
choriocarcinoma
what are Call-Exner bodies?
disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Sonic hedgehog gene
prod @ base of limbs in ZPA
patterning along A-P axis; impt in CNS dev’t
mut = holoprosencephaly
Wnt-7 gene
prod @ apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm @ distal end of each developing limb)
proper org of dorsal-ventral axis (so feet and nose point in same direction)
FGF gene
prod @ apical ectodermal ridge
does limb lengthening
Hox gene
does segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal fashion (“makes sure skeleton laid out correctly”)
mut = appendages in wrong locations
treacher collins synd is failure of what arch
1st arch neural crest cells fail to migrate
mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnorms
suspensory ligament of ovaries (aka infundibulopelvic ligament)
ovaries to lateral pelvic wall
contains: ovarian vessels
ureter @ risk during ligation of ovarian vessels in oophorectomy
cardinal ligament
cervix to side wall of pelvis
contains: uterine vessels
ureter @ risk during ligation of uterine vessels in oophorectomy
round ligament of uterus
uterine fundus to labia majora
contains: artery of Sampson
deriv of gubernaculum
broad ligament
uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries to pelvic side wall
contains: ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligament of uterus
composed of: mesosalpinx, mesovarium, mesometrium
**ligated during hysterectomies!!
ligament of the ovary
medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus
deriv of gubernaculum
male sexual response innervations:
erection = Parasymp (pelvic nerves) emission = Sympath (hypogastric n.) ejaculation = visceral/somatic (pudendal n.)
Point and Shoot!!
blood-testis barrier forms b/w
spermatogonium + primary spermatocyte
estrogen types
ovary - estradiol
placenta - estriol
adipose - estrone (via aromatization)
FSH, LH actions/sites
LH –> Theca cells –> converts cholesterol to androstenedione via DESMOLASE
FSH –> Granulosa cell –> converts androstenedione –> estrogen via AROMATASE
elevation of progesterone indicates:
ovulation
Klinefelter hormone changes
increased FSH and LH due to lack of inhibin (for FSH) + testosterone (for LH) feedback regulation
increased LH –> increased estrogen
Turner hormone changes
decreased estrogen –> increased FSH, LH
cause of preeclampsia/eclampsia
placental ischemia due to impaired vasodil of spiral arteries
tx of seizures of eclampsia
IV Mg sulfate
abruptio placenta
premature detachment of placenta from implant site
ass w/ DIC
RF: smoking, HTN, cocaine use, trauma (MVA), abuse
dx = check for fetal blood cells in maternal blood (Kleihauer-Betke test)
painFUL bleed in 3rd trimester
life threatening for both
placenta accreta
defective decidual layer –> placenta ATTACHES to myometrium w/ NO separation of placenta after birth –> causes MASSIVE bleeding after delivery
RF: prior C-section, inflamm, placenta previa
placenta previa
placenta over the cerivical os (placenta is attached to lower uterine segment)
RF: nulliparity, prior C-section
painLESS bleed in ANY trimester (usually 3rd)
dx = US
tx = C-section
placenta INcreta
grows INto wall of uterus
placenta percreta
perforates thru uterus + invades
tx of PCOS (5!):
1) wt reduction (decreases insulin levels)
2) low dose OCPs or medroxyprogesterone (decreases LH and androgenesis)
3) spironolactone (antagonizes androgen receptors - tx acne, hirsutism)
4) clomiphene or leuprolide (increases ovulation)
5) metformin (for pts w/ diabetes or sympt of metabolic synd)
most impt RF for ovarian cancer
family history
BPH is enlargement of?
periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes [aka transition zone]
prostate cancer arise from what zone?
peripheral zone (posterior lobe) - is what is felt during rectal exam
tx for prostate cancer?
flutamide (inhib testosterone @ receptor)
hormone changes in cryptorchidism
decreased inhibin
increased FSH, LH
testosterone: decreased if bilat, NORMAL if unilat
cause of Peyronie’s disease
inflamm of tunica albuginea –> fibrous tissue formation
how does ketoconazole inhib steroid synth
inhib desmolase
