Endocrine

Question 1

MEN 1 (Wermer’s synd)

Answer 1

3Ps
Parathyroid tumors
Pituitary tumors (prolactin or GH)
Pancreatic tumors (Zollinger-Ellison synd, insulinomas, VIPomas, glucagonomas [rare])

gene defect on MENIN gene on chrom 11

Question 2

MEN 2A (Sipple’s synd)

Answer 2

2Ps
Parathyroid tumors
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (secretes calcitonin)

Question 3

MEN 2B

Answer 3

1P
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (secretes calcitonin)
Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (ass w/ marfinoid habitus)

Question 4

MEN2A + 2B have what gene mutation?

Answer 4

ret

Question 5

TRH stimulates?

Answer 5

TSH

prolactin

Question 6

dopamine inhibits?

Answer 6

prolactin

Question 7

CRH stimulates?

Answer 7

ACTH
MSH
beta-endorphins

Question 8

Somatostatin inhibits?

Answer 8

GH

TSH

Question 9

prolactin inhibits?

Answer 9

GnRH

Question 10

triad of glucagonoma

Answer 10

diabetes mellitus
necrolytic erythema
anemia

Question 11

external branch of superior laryngeal n. innervates?

Answer 11

cricothyroid m.

Question 12

ligation of superior thyroid artery during thyroidectomy can ligate what nerve?

Answer 12

external branch of superior laryngeal n.

Question 13

ligation of inferior thyroid artery can damage what nerve?

Answer 13

recurrent laryngeal n.

Question 14

hormones using cAMP

Answer 14

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
CRH
hCG
ADH (V2 recept)
MSH
PTH
calcitonin
GHRH
glucagon

Question 15

hormones using cGMP

Answer 15

ANP
NO

“vasodilators”

Question 16

hormones using steroid receptors

Answer 16

vit D
estrogen
testosterone
T3/T4
cortisol
aldosterone
progesterone

Question 17

hormones using intrinsic tyrosine kinase

Answer 17

insulin
IGF-1
FGF
PDGF
EGF

MAP kinase pathway

“think growth factors”

Question 18

hormones using receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

Answer 18

prolactin
immunomodulators (ex. cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN)
GH

JAK/STAT pathway

Question 19

hormones that have common alpha-subunit

Answer 19

LH
FSH
TSH
beta-hCG

Question 20

hormone used to reduce splanchnic blood flow + what is it used to tx?

Answer 20

somatostatin

used to tx - bleeding varices (portal HTN), bleeding PUD

Question 21

GH secretion increased w/?

Answer 21

exercise
sleep
hypoglycemia
estrogen
stress
endogenous opioids

Question 22

GH secretion decreased w/?

Answer 22

glucose
somatostatin
GHIH
pregnancy
obesity

Question 23

17alpha-hydroxylase needed for prod of what hormones

Answer 23

cortisol

androgens

Question 24

21-hydroxylase needed for prod of what hormones

Answer 24

aldosterone

cortisol

Question 25

11beta-hydroxylase needed for prod of what hormones

Answer 25

aldosterone (but 11-deoxycorticosterone w/ weak mineralocorticoid activity still prod) cortisol

Question 26

3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase needed for prod of what hormones

Answer 26

ALL 3 adrenal hormones

Question 27

desmolase needed for prod of what hormones

Answer 27

ALL 3 adrenal hormones bc it converts cholesterol ---> pregnenolone (precursor)

Question 28

pregnenolone acted upon by 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase produces what

Answer 28

progesterone

Question 29

GC increase levels of what leukocyte in blood? decrease levels of what?

Answer 29

increase - neutrophils (by decreasing adhesion) | decrease - eosinophils

Question 30

what 2 decreased mineral levels increase PTH secretion

Answer 30

Ca | Mg (but if TOO decreased --> decreases PTH secretion)

Question 31

increased TBG in

Answer 31

preg + OCP use | estrogen increases TBG by decreasing catabolism --> increases TOTAL T4/T3, but FREE thyroid hormone levels are NORMAL

Question 32

decreased TBG in

Answer 32

hepatic failure, low-protein states | TOTAL T4/T3 decreased, but FREE levels are increased!!

Question 33

paraneoplastic synd ass w/ neuroblastoma

Answer 33

opsonus-myoclonus

Question 34

hashimoto's thyroiditis increases risk of

Answer 34

B-cell lymphoma

Question 35

histo in T1DM vs T2DM

Answer 35

T1DM - leukocytic infiltrate | T2DM - islet amyloid (AIAPP) deposit

Question 36

sulfonylureas that can cause disulfiram-like rxn

Answer 36

tolbutamide | chlorpropamide