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USMLE Step 1 Random Facts > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hexagonal crystals

A

cystinuria

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2
Q

enlarged hypercellular glomeruli

A

post-strep GN

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3
Q

reactive arthritis triad

A

conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis

“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree”

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4
Q

burkitt’s lymphoma

A

t(8;14) translocation
c-myc activation
“starry sky”

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5
Q

mantle cell lymphoma

A

t(11;14) translocation

cyclin D1 activation

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6
Q

follicular lymphoma

A

t(14;18) translocation

bcl-2 overexpression

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7
Q

M3 type of AML

A

t(15;17)

responsive to all-trans retinoic acid

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8
Q

CML

A

t(9;22)

bcr-abl fusion

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9
Q

macroorchidism found mainly in?

A

Fragile X synd

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10
Q

CGG repeats

A

Fragile X synd

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11
Q

GAA repeats

A

Freidreich’s ataxia

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12
Q

CAG repeats

A

Huntington’s dz

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13
Q

CTG repeats

A

Myotonic dystrophy

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14
Q

VHL dz

A

hemangioblastomas of retina/cerebellum/medulla
bilat Renal cell carcinoma
deletion of VHL gene (TS) on chrom 3
constitutive expression of HIF (TF) and activation of angiogenic growth factors

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15
Q

what passes through the cavernous sinus?

A

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI (aka nerves that control EOM + V1, V2)
postganglionic sympathetic fibers

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16
Q

only leukemia w/o lymphadenopathy?

A

Hairy cell leukemia

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17
Q

coagulative necrosis seen in?

A

heart, liver, kidney

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18
Q

liquefactive necrosis seen in?

A

brain, bacterial abscess, pleural effusion

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19
Q

caseous necrosis seen in?

A

TB, systemic fungal infection

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20
Q

fatty necrosis seen in?

A

peripancreatic fat (saponification via lipase)

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21
Q

fibrinoid necrosis seen in?

A

blood vessels

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22
Q

gangrenous necrosis seen in?

A

dry (ischemic coagulative)
wet (w/ bacteria)
common in limbs + GI tracts

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23
Q

difference b/w apoptosis and necrosis?

A

inflammation in necrosis only

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24
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy affects?

A

pyramidal cells of hippocampus and Purkinje cells

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25
Q

hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock signs

A

low-output failure
increased TPR
low cardiac output
cold, clammy pt (vasoconstriction)

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26
Q

septic shock signs

A

high-output failure
decreased TPR
dilated arterioles, high venous return
hot patient (vasodilation)

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27
Q

free radical pathologies

A

Carbon tetrachloride –> liver necrosis (fatty change)
Acetaminophen overdose –> fulminant hepatitis
Iron overload –> hemochromatosis
Reperfusion after anoxia esp after thrombolytic therapy

“take good CAIR to avoid ROS damage”

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28
Q

transudate features

A

hyPOcellular
protein POOR
spec gravity <1.012
caused by: increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, Na retention

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29
Q

exudate features

A

cellular
protein RICH
spec grav >1.012
due to: lymphocytic obstruction, inflamm

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30
Q

hypertrophic scar collagen?

A

type I

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31
Q

keloid collagen?

A

type III

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32
Q

DECREASED ESR?

A

sickle cell (altered shape)
polycythemia (too many)
CHF

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33
Q

benign/malignant tumor of the epithelium

A

adenoma, papilloma/adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma

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34
Q

benign/malignant tumor of blood vessels

A

hemangioma/angiosarcoma

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35
Q

benign/malignant tumor of smooth muscle

A

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

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36
Q

benign/malignant tumor of striated muscle

A

rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma

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37
Q

benign/malignant tumor of CT

A

fibroma/fibrosarcoma

38
Q

benign/malignant tumor of bone

A

osteoma/osteosarcoma

39
Q

benign/malignant tumor of fat

A

lipoma/liposarcoma

40
Q

malignant tumor of blood cells

A

lymphoma, leukemia

41
Q

things ending in -sarcoma + lymphomas, leukemias are of what origin?

A

mesenchymal

42
Q

brain metastases mostly from?

A

lung then breast cancers

50% brain tumors = from metastasis

43
Q

liver metastasis mostly from?

A

colon cancer

44
Q

bone metastasis mostly from?

A

prostate and breast cancer

tumor predilection for axial skeleton

45
Q

psammoma bodies seen in?

A

Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Malignant mesothelioma

“PSaMMoma”

46
Q

Down synd associated cancer?

A

ALL, AML

“we ALL fall DOWN”

47
Q

xeroderma pigmentosum, albinism associated cancer?

A

melanoma
basal cell carcinoma of skin
**squamous cell carcinoma of skin (especially this)

48
Q

chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants associated cancer?

A

gastric adenocarcinoma

49
Q

tuberous sclerosis associated cancer?

A

Giant cell astrocytoma
Renal angiomyolipoma
cardiac rhabdomyoma

50
Q

actinic keratosis associated cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

51
Q

barrett esophagus (chronic GI reflux) associated cancer?

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

52
Q

plummer-vinson synd (decreased iron) associated cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus

53
Q

cirrhosis associated cancer?

A

HCC

54
Q

ulcerative colitis associated cancer?

A

colonic adenocarcinoma

55
Q

paget’s disease of bone associated cancer?

A

secondary osteosarcoma

fibrosarcoma

56
Q

immunodeficiency states associated cancer?

A

malignant lymphomas

57
Q

AIDS associated cancer?

A

aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin’s)

Kaposi’s sarcoma

58
Q

autoimmune diseases associated cancer?

A

lymphoma

59
Q

acanthosis nigracans associated cancer?

A

visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)

60
Q

dysplastic nevus associated cancer?

A

malignant melanoma

61
Q

radiation exposure associated cancer?

A

leukemia
sarcoma
papillary thyroid cancer
breast cancer

62
Q

what is needed for viability in Tricuspid atresia?

A

both ASD + VSD

63
Q

tearing chest pain radiating to back; dx?

A

aortic dissection

64
Q

what are the large vessel vasculitis (involving aorta/major branches)?

A

temporal (giant cell) arteritis

takayasu’s arteritis

65
Q

what are the medium-vessel vasculitis (muscular arteries)?

A

Polyarteritis nodosa
Kawasaki disease
Buerger’s dz (thromboangiitis obliterans)

66
Q

what are the small-vessel vasculitis (arterioles, capillaries, venules)?

A

Microscopic polyangiitis
Wegener’s granulomatosus
Churg-Strauss synd
Henoch-Schonlein purpura

67
Q

pheochromocytomas associated w/?

A

NF1
MEN 2A, 2B
VHL disease

68
Q

triad of Wiskott-Aldrich synd

A

thrombocytopenic purpura
recurrent infections
eczema

69
Q

hemolytic uremic synd (HUS)?

A

thrombocytopenia
acute renal failure
microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

70
Q

defect in chronic granulomatous dz

A

lack of NADPH oxidase (absent respiratory burst in neutrophils)

71
Q

treacher-collins synd ass w/ which branchial arch?

A

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate

72
Q

3 impt causes of polyuria and polydipsia

A

DM, diabetes insipidus, primary (psychogenic) polydipsia

73
Q

irrev cell injury caused by?

A 
Ca influx
damage to plasma membrane
damage to nucleus
rupture of lysosome
mitochondrial permeability
74
Q

fragile X synd ass w/ what gene mutation?

A

FMR1

75
Q

common feature seen in macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia?

A

hypersegmented neutrophils

76
Q

factor VIII inhibitors ass w/?

A

birth
chlorpromazine tx
treating hemophilia A w/ factor VIII

77
Q

factor V inhibitor ass w/?

A

streptomycin

aminoglycosides

78
Q

factor XIII inhibitor ass w/?

A

INH tx

79
Q

what antibody produces false positive syphilis (VDRL) test?

A

anti-cardiolipin

80
Q

carcinoids derived from what cells?

A

Kulchitsky cells

81
Q

2 lung tumors w/ neurosecretory granules?

A

small cell

bronchial carcinoid

82
Q

lab findings in Down synd

A

DECREASED AFP, estriol
INCREASED b-hCG, inhibin A
US shows increased nuchal translucency

83
Q

lab findings in Edwards synd

A

trisomy 18
DECREASED AFP, b-hCG, estriol
normal inhibin A

84
Q

lab findings in Patau’s synd

A

Trisomy 13
DON’T USE QUAD SCREEN
DECREASED free b-hCG, PAPP-A
INCREASED nuchal translucency

85
Q

lab findings in Klinefelter’s synd

A

decreased inhibin A –> increased FSH (bc of dygenesis of seminiferous tubules)
increased LH –> increased estrogen (bc of abnormal Leydig cell function)

86
Q

lab findings in Turner’s synd

A

decreased estrogen –> increased LH + FSH

**menopause before menarche

87
Q

gout crystals?

A

negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals

88
Q

pseudogout crystals?

A

positively birefringent rhombus-shaped crystals

89
Q

organs w/ dual blood supply

A

liver (portal v. and hepatic a.)
lungs
intestine

90
Q

2 most impt factors in angiogenesis

A

VEGF, FGF

USMLE Step 1 Random Facts (35 decks)

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