DIT cards Flashcards
1
Q
bacteria w/ capsules
A
E.Coli (some strains) Strep pneumo** Pseudomonas aeruginosa Neisseria meningitidis** Klebsiella pneumoniae H.influenzae type B** Salmonella typhi Group B Strep
“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”
2
Q
which YEAST has a capsule?
A
cryptococcus neoformans
3
Q
amphetamine OD tx?
A
ammonium chloride (bc amph = weak BASES)
4
Q
salicylate (aspirin) OD tx?
A
sodium bicarb or dialysis (bc salicylate = weak ACID)
5
Q
testicular tumor w/ Schiller-Duval bodies?
A
yolk-sac tumor
6
Q
testicular tumor w/ rod-shaped crystalloids of Reinke?
A
Leydig cell tumor
7
Q
organism commonly implicated in balanitis?
A
Candida albicans
8
Q
endotoxin impt features?
A
is a LPS; esp. lipid A contrib to this
Edema NO DIC/Death Outer membrane (where it is found in Gram neg bacteria) TNF-alpha O-antigen eXtremely heat stable IL-1 Neutrophil chemotaxis
9
Q
catalase
A
breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen
10
Q
coagulase
A
induce coagulation;
allows bacterial binding to fibrin/fibrinogen increasing binding to host tissue + decreasing phagocytosis
11
Q
impt virulence factor of S.aureus
A
Protein A - binds Fc-IgG (inhib opsonization/phagocytosis)
12
Q
neonatal sepsis causes
A
GBS
E.Coli
Listeria
13
Q
virulence factors ass w/ Strep pneumo
A
capsule**
IgA protease
14
Q
“rust-colored” sputum
A
S.pneumo
15
Q
S.epidermidis produces infections on __________ by producing ________
A
prosthetic devices/IV catheters;
adherent biofilms
16
Q
which strep are penicillin G resistant
A
E.faecalis, E.faecium (group D strep)
17
Q
strep agalactiae causes?
A
pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis in NEWBORNS
normal colonizer of vagina
18
Q
mycoplasma contain
A
sterols
19
Q
bugs that don’t gram stain well:
A
Treponema Rickettsiae Mycobateria Mycoplasma Legionella pneumophila Chlamydia
“These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color”
20
Q
treponema best seen in
A
dark field microscopy
21
Q
Bell’s palsy complication seen in?
A
Lyme dz Herpes Zoster AIDS Sarcoidosis Tumors Diabetes
“my Lovely BELLE Had An STD”
22
Q
fetal placental structure that secretes hCG?
A
synciotrophoblast
23
Q
maternal component of placenta?
A
decidua basalis
24
Q
when you see a neural tube defect, think?
A
“folate deficiency” = most common cause
or carbamazepine/valproic acid
25
mut in HOXD-13
synpolydactyly (extra fused digit b/w 3rd-4th fingers)
26
common cause of congenital malformations in US?
alcohol use in preg
27
common cause of intellectual disability in US?
FAS
28
G1 --> S uses what 2 cyclin/CDK complexes?
CDK4 + cyclin D (phosphorylation of RB --> release from TF E2F --> synth of components for progression thru S phase)
CDK2 + cyclin E (progress into S phase)
29
G2 --> M uses what 2 cyclin/CDK complexes?
CDK2 + cyclin A (mitotic prophase)
| CDK1 + cyclin B (activated by cdc25; nuclear lamin breakdown + initiation of mitosis)
30
3 AAs that can be modified by Golgi?
serine
threonine
asparagine
31
proteins going to LYSOSOMES are tagged w/?
mannose-6-phosphate
32
3 AA found in nuclear localization signals?
lysine
arginine
proline
33
filaments listed from THINNEST to THICKEST?
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
myosin
microtubules
34
role of vit C in collagen synth?
hydroxylation of proline, lysine
35
hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
Alport synd
36
problems forming triple helix in collagen?
osteogenesis imperfecta
37
problems w/ __________ cross-linking causes _____?
covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkage
Ehlers-Danlos synd
38
blocking of mesocortical pathway?
increase in negative sympt of schizophrenia (social withdrawal, depression)
39
blocking of mesolimbic pathway?
decrease in positive sympt of schizophrenia (target of neuroleptic drugs)
40
blocking of nigrostriatal pathway?
Parkinson dz (stimulation of this pathway --> EPS)
normally coordinates voluntary movements (dopamine inhibits ACh release)
41
blocking of tuberoinfundibular pathway?
hyperprolactinemia --> hypogonadism (amenorrhea, decreased libido, gynecomastia in men, galactorrhea in men)
42
heart sounds considered benign when no evidence of disease?
S3 in pts <40 y.o
split S1
split S2 on inspiration
early, quiet systolic murmur
43
AA found most in collagen
glycine
44
mycobacterium that causes leprosy
M.leprae
45
mycobacterium that causes pulmonary TB-like sympt in COPD pts
M.kansasii
46
mycobacterium that causes cervical lymphadenitis in children
M.scrofulaceum
47
mycobacterium that causes a disseminated dz in AIDS pts
M.avium-intracellulare (aka MAC)
48
mycobacterium that causes hand infection in aquarium
M.marinum
49
CD marker on NK cells + binds constant region of IgG
CD16
50
CD marker that inhibits complement C9 binding
CD55 + CD59
51
CD marker ass w/ endotoxin receptor found on macrophages
CD14
52
pulmonary vasculature response to hypoxia
vasoconstriction! (so only well-ventilated areas perfused)
53
carotid sinus baroreceptors sense? use what nerve?
increased and decreased BP
| use CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
54
aortic baroreceptors sense? use what nerve?
ONLY increased BP
| use CN X (vagus)
55
bug ass w/ hyponatremia?
Legionella
56
cardio drugs okay to use in pregnancy?
Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine
"Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine"
57
triad in Kartagener synd
recurrent sinusitis
bronchiectasis
situs inversus
58
penicillin drug given to tx syphilis?
penicillin G
59
penicillin drug given to tx UTI?
amoxicillin
60
penicillin drug given to tx Pseudomonas?
ticarcillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin
61
penicillin drug given to tx neonatal infection?
ampicillin (IV) + gentamicin
62
Meniere's dz triad
vertigo
hearing loss
tinnitus
63
common causes of transudative pleural effusion
```
CHF - increase hydrostatic pressure
cirrhosis - decrease protein
nephrotic synd - decrease protein
Pulm embolism
fluid overload - increase hydrostatic pressure
LV infarction
```
64
common causes of exudative pleural effusion
```
pneumonia
infection
cancer
TB
connective tissue disease
uremia
```
increased protein and membrane permeability
65
difference b/w presentation of Mallory-Weiss tears vs. esophageal varices?
Mallory-Weiss tears - ass w/ pain
66
CPS I location, pathway, nitrogen source?
mitochondria
Urea cycle
N --> from ammonia
67
CPS II location, pathway, nitrogen source?
cytosol
de novo Pyrimidine synthesis
N --> from glutamine
68
3 uses of amphetamines
ADD
narcolepsy
obesity
69
buzzword for opioid tox
pinpoint pupils
70
buzzword for opioid withdrawal
lacrimation, yawning
71
buzzword for benzo withdrawal
rebound anxiety
72
buzzword for amphetamine or cocaine tox
pupillary dilation (mydriasis)
73
buzzword for PCP tox
vertical/horizontal nystagmus
| also, belligerence
74
buzzword for LSD tox
flashbacks
75
buzzword for marijuana tox
red eye (conjunctival injection)
76
psammoma bodies seen in
Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
77
why are aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerobes?
require O2
78
K+ shifts out of cells causing hyperkalemia w/
```
low insulin
beta-blockers
acidosis
digoxin
cell lysis (leukemia)
hyperosmolarity
```
79
K+ shifts into cells causing hypokalemia w/
```
insulin
beta-agonist (increases Na/K ATPase)
alkalosis
cell creation/prolif
hypo-osmolarity
```
80
6 causes of hypernatremia
```
diuretics
dehydration
DI
docs (iatrogenic)
diarrhea
disease of kidney
```
81
2 diuretics causing hyperkalemia
K+ sparing
| ACE inhibitors
82
2 diuretics causing hypokalemia
HCTZ
| loop diuretics
83
tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride
84
tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI
amiloride
85
primary function of collecting duct principal cells
reabsorb Na + H2O
| secrete K
86
primary function of collecting duct intercalated cells
secrete either H+ or HCO3-
| reabsorb K
87
2 types of intercalated cells and their functions
alpha-intercalated - secretes H+
| beta-intercalated - secretes HCO3-
88
the 2 muscle receptors responsible for opening sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to depolarization
ryanodine recept
| dihydropyridine recept
89
nerve most at risk of damage in fibula neck fracture
deep peroneal n.
90
3 D's of pellagra
dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia
91
triad of Conn synd
HTN
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
92
4 erythropoietin secreting tumors
pheochromocytoma
renal cell carcinoma
hemangioblastoma
hepatocellular carcinoma
"Potentially Really High Hematocrit"
93
vaginal pH increased in
trichomonas vaginosis
| bacterial vaginosis
94
vaginal pH decreased in
physiologic discharge
| Candida
95
painless jaundice in older individual should make you think?
pancreatic cancer (in head of pancreas)
96
port-wine stain seen in ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve seen w/
Sturge Weber
97
currant jelly stool seen w/
intussusception
98
adverse rxn from mixing succinylcholine w/ inhaled anesthetics?
malignant hyperthermia
99
tx for resistant malarias
mefloquine
100
tx for P.vivax or ovale
chloroquine + primaquine
101
tx for most all flukes and tapeworms
praziquantel
102
tx for Chagas disease
benznidazole
| nifurtimox
103
tx for cutaneous leshmaniasis
sodium stibogluconate
104
tx for visceral leshmaniasis
liposomal amphotericin B
105
K-ras mut seen w/ what cancers?
colon
lung
pancreatic
106
H-ras mut seen w/ what cancers?
bladder
| kidney
107
N-ras mut seen w/ what cancer?
melanomas
| hematologic malignancies
108
aflatoxins potentially found in what foods
corn, soybeans, peanuts
109
common cancers ass w/ ionizing radiation
AML
CML
thyroid cancers
110
UV light that most increases risk of skin cancer
UVB (causes pyrimidine dimers in DNA)
111
type of lesion caused by lung cancer metastasis to bone
lytic
112
type of lesion caused by prostate cancer metastasis to bone
blastic
113
type of lesion caused by breast cancer metastasis to bone
lytic AND blastic
114
cancers ass w/ RET gene mutations
MEN 2A + 2B
medullary thyroid cancer
papillary thyroid cancer
115
nephrotoxic/ototoxic drugs
vancomycin
aminoglycosides
loop diuretics
cisplatin/carboplatin
116
drugs tx testicular cancer
etoposide
bleomycin
cisplatin
also, ifosfamide
"Eradicate Ball Cancer, Idiot!"
117
cancer drugs that cause pulmonary fibrosis as SE
busulfan
| bleomycin
118
5-FU rescue therapy
thymidine or uridine
119
cancer drugs that can cross BBB
nitrosureas
120
drugs that inhibit microtubules
```
vincristine
vinblastine
paclitaxel
mebendazole
albendazole
griseofulvin
colchicine
```
121
diff b/w vincristine/vinblastine
vincristine - SE = neurotox, peripheral neuritis
| vinblastine - SE = bone marrow suppression ("vinBLASTine BLASTS bones")
122
nerve/artery @ risk w/ fracture of midshaft of humerus
radial n. + deep brachial artery
123
nerve @ risk w/ fracture of surgical neck of humerus
axillary n.
124
nerve @ risk w/ supracondylar humerus fracture
median n.
125
Ddx for eosinophilia
```
"DNAAACP"
Drugs
Neoplasms
Atopic dz (allergy, asthma, Churg-Strauss)
Addison dz
Acute interstitial nephritis
Collagen vascular dz
Parasites
```
126
immuno rxn during anaphylaxis
antigen cross-links IgE on mast cells
127
antihistamine for vertigo
meclizine
128
antihistamine for appetite stim
cyproheptadine (also serotonin OD tx)
129
antihistamine for nausea/vomiting
promethazine
130
what CD marker inhib complement C9 binding?
CD55, CD59
131
what CD marker is found on all NK cells and binds constant region of IgG
CD16
