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USMLE Step 1 Random Facts > DIT cards > Flashcards

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1
Q

bacteria w/ capsules

A 
E.Coli (some strains)
Strep pneumo**
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis**
Klebsiella pneumoniae
H.influenzae type B**
Salmonella typhi
Group B Strep

“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”

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2
Q

which YEAST has a capsule?

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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3
Q

amphetamine OD tx?

A

ammonium chloride (bc amph = weak BASES)

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4
Q

salicylate (aspirin) OD tx?

A

sodium bicarb or dialysis (bc salicylate = weak ACID)

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5
Q

testicular tumor w/ Schiller-Duval bodies?

A

yolk-sac tumor

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6
Q

testicular tumor w/ rod-shaped crystalloids of Reinke?

A

Leydig cell tumor

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7
Q

organism commonly implicated in balanitis?

A

Candida albicans

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8
Q

endotoxin impt features?

A

is a LPS; esp. lipid A contrib to this

Edema
NO
DIC/Death
Outer membrane (where it is found in Gram neg bacteria)
TNF-alpha
O-antigen
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
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9
Q

catalase

A

breaks down H2O2 into water and oxygen

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10
Q

coagulase

A

induce coagulation;

allows bacterial binding to fibrin/fibrinogen increasing binding to host tissue + decreasing phagocytosis

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11
Q

impt virulence factor of S.aureus

A

Protein A - binds Fc-IgG (inhib opsonization/phagocytosis)

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12
Q

neonatal sepsis causes

A

GBS
E.Coli
Listeria

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13
Q

virulence factors ass w/ Strep pneumo

A

capsule**

IgA protease

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14
Q

“rust-colored” sputum

A

S.pneumo

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15
Q

S.epidermidis produces infections on __________ by producing ________

A

prosthetic devices/IV catheters;

adherent biofilms

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16
Q

which strep are penicillin G resistant

A

E.faecalis, E.faecium (group D strep)

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17
Q

strep agalactiae causes?

A

pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis in NEWBORNS

normal colonizer of vagina

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18
Q

mycoplasma contain

A

sterols

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19
Q

bugs that don’t gram stain well:

A 
Treponema
Rickettsiae
Mycobateria
Mycoplasma
Legionella pneumophila
Chlamydia

“These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color”

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20
Q

treponema best seen in

A

dark field microscopy

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21
Q

Bell’s palsy complication seen in?

A 
Lyme dz
Herpes Zoster
AIDS
Sarcoidosis
Tumors
Diabetes

“my Lovely BELLE Had An STD”

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22
Q

fetal placental structure that secretes hCG?

A

synciotrophoblast

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23
Q

maternal component of placenta?

A

decidua basalis

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24
Q

when you see a neural tube defect, think?

A

“folate deficiency” = most common cause

or carbamazepine/valproic acid

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25
Q

mut in HOXD-13

A

synpolydactyly (extra fused digit b/w 3rd-4th fingers)

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26
Q

common cause of congenital malformations in US?

A

alcohol use in preg

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27
Q

common cause of intellectual disability in US?

A

FAS

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28
Q

G1 –> S uses what 2 cyclin/CDK complexes?

A

CDK4 + cyclin D (phosphorylation of RB –> release from TF E2F –> synth of components for progression thru S phase)
CDK2 + cyclin E (progress into S phase)

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29
Q

G2 –> M uses what 2 cyclin/CDK complexes?

A

CDK2 + cyclin A (mitotic prophase)

CDK1 + cyclin B (activated by cdc25; nuclear lamin breakdown + initiation of mitosis)

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30
Q

3 AAs that can be modified by Golgi?

A

serine
threonine
asparagine

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31
Q

proteins going to LYSOSOMES are tagged w/?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

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32
Q

3 AA found in nuclear localization signals?

A

lysine
arginine
proline

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33
Q

filaments listed from THINNEST to THICKEST?

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
myosin
microtubules

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34
Q

role of vit C in collagen synth?

A

hydroxylation of proline, lysine

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35
Q

hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport synd

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36
Q

problems forming triple helix in collagen?

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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37
Q

problems w/ __________ cross-linking causes _____?

A

covalent lysine-hydroxylysine cross-linkage

Ehlers-Danlos synd

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38
Q

blocking of mesocortical pathway?

A

increase in negative sympt of schizophrenia (social withdrawal, depression)

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39
Q

blocking of mesolimbic pathway?

A

decrease in positive sympt of schizophrenia (target of neuroleptic drugs)

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40
Q

blocking of nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Parkinson dz (stimulation of this pathway –> EPS)

normally coordinates voluntary movements (dopamine inhibits ACh release)

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41
Q

blocking of tuberoinfundibular pathway?

A

hyperprolactinemia –> hypogonadism (amenorrhea, decreased libido, gynecomastia in men, galactorrhea in men)

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42
Q

heart sounds considered benign when no evidence of disease?

A

S3 in pts <40 y.o
split S1
split S2 on inspiration
early, quiet systolic murmur

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43
Q

AA found most in collagen

A

glycine

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44
Q

mycobacterium that causes leprosy

A

M.leprae

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45
Q

mycobacterium that causes pulmonary TB-like sympt in COPD pts

A

M.kansasii

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46
Q

mycobacterium that causes cervical lymphadenitis in children

A

M.scrofulaceum

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47
Q

mycobacterium that causes a disseminated dz in AIDS pts

A

M.avium-intracellulare (aka MAC)

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48
Q

mycobacterium that causes hand infection in aquarium

A

M.marinum

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49
Q

CD marker on NK cells + binds constant region of IgG

A

CD16

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50
Q

CD marker that inhibits complement C9 binding

A

CD55 + CD59

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51
Q

CD marker ass w/ endotoxin receptor found on macrophages

A

CD14

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52
Q

pulmonary vasculature response to hypoxia

A

vasoconstriction! (so only well-ventilated areas perfused)

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53
Q

carotid sinus baroreceptors sense? use what nerve?

A

increased and decreased BP

use CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

54
Q

aortic baroreceptors sense? use what nerve?

A

ONLY increased BP

use CN X (vagus)

55
Q

bug ass w/ hyponatremia?

A

Legionella

56
Q

cardio drugs okay to use in pregnancy?

A

Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol
Nifedipine

“Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine”

57
Q

triad in Kartagener synd

A

recurrent sinusitis
bronchiectasis
situs inversus

58
Q

penicillin drug given to tx syphilis?

A

penicillin G

59
Q

penicillin drug given to tx UTI?

A

amoxicillin

60
Q

penicillin drug given to tx Pseudomonas?

A

ticarcillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin

61
Q

penicillin drug given to tx neonatal infection?

A

ampicillin (IV) + gentamicin

62
Q

Meniere’s dz triad

A

vertigo
hearing loss
tinnitus

63
Q

common causes of transudative pleural effusion

A 
CHF - increase hydrostatic pressure
cirrhosis - decrease protein
nephrotic synd - decrease protein
Pulm embolism
fluid overload - increase hydrostatic pressure
LV infarction
64
Q

common causes of exudative pleural effusion

A 
pneumonia
infection
cancer
TB
connective tissue disease
uremia

increased protein and membrane permeability

65
Q

difference b/w presentation of Mallory-Weiss tears vs. esophageal varices?

A

Mallory-Weiss tears - ass w/ pain

66
Q

CPS I location, pathway, nitrogen source?

A

mitochondria
Urea cycle
N –> from ammonia

67
Q

CPS II location, pathway, nitrogen source?

A

cytosol
de novo Pyrimidine synthesis
N –> from glutamine

68
Q

3 uses of amphetamines

A

ADD
narcolepsy
obesity

69
Q

buzzword for opioid tox

A

pinpoint pupils

70
Q

buzzword for opioid withdrawal

A

lacrimation, yawning

71
Q

buzzword for benzo withdrawal

A

rebound anxiety

72
Q

buzzword for amphetamine or cocaine tox

A

pupillary dilation (mydriasis)

73
Q

buzzword for PCP tox

A

vertical/horizontal nystagmus

also, belligerence

74
Q

buzzword for LSD tox

A

flashbacks

75
Q

buzzword for marijuana tox

A

red eye (conjunctival injection)

76
Q

psammoma bodies seen in

A

Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma

77
Q

why are aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerobes?

A

require O2

78
Q

K+ shifts out of cells causing hyperkalemia w/

A 
low insulin
beta-blockers
acidosis
digoxin
cell lysis (leukemia)
hyperosmolarity
79
Q

K+ shifts into cells causing hypokalemia w/

A 
insulin
beta-agonist (increases Na/K ATPase)
alkalosis
cell creation/prolif
hypo-osmolarity
80
Q

6 causes of hypernatremia

A 
diuretics
dehydration
DI
docs (iatrogenic)
diarrhea
disease of kidney
81
Q

2 diuretics causing hyperkalemia

A

K+ sparing

ACE inhibitors

82
Q

2 diuretics causing hypokalemia

A

HCTZ

loop diuretics

83
Q

tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

84
Q

tx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

85
Q

primary function of collecting duct principal cells

A

reabsorb Na + H2O

secrete K

86
Q

primary function of collecting duct intercalated cells

A

secrete either H+ or HCO3-

reabsorb K

87
Q

2 types of intercalated cells and their functions

A

alpha-intercalated - secretes H+

beta-intercalated - secretes HCO3-

88
Q

the 2 muscle receptors responsible for opening sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to depolarization

A

ryanodine recept

dihydropyridine recept

89
Q

nerve most at risk of damage in fibula neck fracture

A

deep peroneal n.

90
Q

3 D’s of pellagra

A

dermatitis
diarrhea
dementia

91
Q

triad of Conn synd

A

HTN
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis

92
Q

4 erythropoietin secreting tumors

A

pheochromocytoma
renal cell carcinoma
hemangioblastoma
hepatocellular carcinoma

“Potentially Really High Hematocrit”

93
Q

vaginal pH increased in

A

trichomonas vaginosis

bacterial vaginosis

94
Q

vaginal pH decreased in

A

physiologic discharge

Candida

95
Q

painless jaundice in older individual should make you think?

A

pancreatic cancer (in head of pancreas)

96
Q

port-wine stain seen in ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve seen w/

A

Sturge Weber

97
Q

currant jelly stool seen w/

A

intussusception

98
Q

adverse rxn from mixing succinylcholine w/ inhaled anesthetics?

A

malignant hyperthermia

99
Q

tx for resistant malarias

A

mefloquine

100
Q

tx for P.vivax or ovale

A

chloroquine + primaquine

101
Q

tx for most all flukes and tapeworms

A

praziquantel

102
Q

tx for Chagas disease

A

benznidazole

nifurtimox

103
Q

tx for cutaneous leshmaniasis

A

sodium stibogluconate

104
Q

tx for visceral leshmaniasis

A

liposomal amphotericin B

105
Q

K-ras mut seen w/ what cancers?

A

colon
lung
pancreatic

106
Q

H-ras mut seen w/ what cancers?

A

bladder

kidney

107
Q

N-ras mut seen w/ what cancer?

A

melanomas

hematologic malignancies

108
Q

aflatoxins potentially found in what foods

A

corn, soybeans, peanuts

109
Q

common cancers ass w/ ionizing radiation

A

AML
CML
thyroid cancers

110
Q

UV light that most increases risk of skin cancer

A

UVB (causes pyrimidine dimers in DNA)

111
Q

type of lesion caused by lung cancer metastasis to bone

112
Q

type of lesion caused by prostate cancer metastasis to bone

113
Q

type of lesion caused by breast cancer metastasis to bone

A

lytic AND blastic

114
Q

cancers ass w/ RET gene mutations

A

MEN 2A + 2B
medullary thyroid cancer
papillary thyroid cancer

115
Q

nephrotoxic/ototoxic drugs

A

vancomycin
aminoglycosides
loop diuretics
cisplatin/carboplatin

116
Q

drugs tx testicular cancer

A

etoposide
bleomycin
cisplatin
also, ifosfamide

“Eradicate Ball Cancer, Idiot!”

117
Q

cancer drugs that cause pulmonary fibrosis as SE

A

busulfan

bleomycin

118
Q

5-FU rescue therapy

A

thymidine or uridine

119
Q

cancer drugs that can cross BBB

A

nitrosureas

120
Q

drugs that inhibit microtubules

A 
vincristine
vinblastine
paclitaxel
mebendazole
albendazole
griseofulvin
colchicine
121
Q

diff b/w vincristine/vinblastine

A

vincristine - SE = neurotox, peripheral neuritis

vinblastine - SE = bone marrow suppression (“vinBLASTine BLASTS bones”)

122
Q

nerve/artery @ risk w/ fracture of midshaft of humerus

A

radial n. + deep brachial artery

123
Q

nerve @ risk w/ fracture of surgical neck of humerus

A

axillary n.

124
Q

nerve @ risk w/ supracondylar humerus fracture

125
Q

Ddx for eosinophilia

A 
"DNAAACP"
Drugs
Neoplasms
Atopic dz (allergy, asthma, Churg-Strauss)
Addison dz
Acute interstitial nephritis
Collagen vascular dz
Parasites
126
Q

immuno rxn during anaphylaxis

A

antigen cross-links IgE on mast cells

127
Q

antihistamine for vertigo

128
Q

antihistamine for appetite stim

A

cyproheptadine (also serotonin OD tx)

129
Q

antihistamine for nausea/vomiting

A

promethazine

130
Q

what CD marker inhib complement C9 binding?

A

CD55, CD59

131
Q

what CD marker is found on all NK cells and binds constant region of IgG

USMLE Step 1 Random Facts (35 decks)

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