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Y4 Farm Animal > repro > Flashcards

repro Flashcards

CA45-54

1
Q

what is the normal gestation of a cow

A

280-285 days

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2
Q

60-70% of pregnancies in cattle are in which uterine horn?

A

right horn

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3
Q

will pregnancy in a cow be ipsilateral or contralateral to the CL

A

ipsilateral

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4
Q

what are most twin pregnancies in cows due to?

A

double ovulation

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5
Q

this attachment occurs only between placental cotyledons and uterine caruncles

A

cotyledonary

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6
Q

these are the functional result of the cotyledonary attachment between placental cotyledons and unterine caruncles;
can be palpated beyond 3 months gestation

A

placentomes

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7
Q

this is the key source of progesterone until 120-150 days of pregnancy

A

corpus luteum (CL)

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8
Q

what can pregnancy in a cow be terminated with up to day 120-150

A

prostaglandin

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9
Q

what are the 2 sources of progesterone beyond day 150 of pregnancy

A
  1. adrenals
  2. placenta
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10
Q

name 4 possible consequences of foetal death in utero in a cow

A
  1. abortion with no associated problems
  2. foetal mummification
  3. foetal maceration
  4. pyometra
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11
Q

what injection can be given to a cow to try and treat mummification of a foetus

A

prostaglandin

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12
Q

name the abnormality of foetal fluids

associated with foetal abnormality (rarely diagnosed)

A

hydramnios

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13
Q

name the abnormality of foetal fluids

more common, associated with placental abnormalities;
sudden onset of distension in last 2 months of gestation;
can progress rapidly

A

hydrallantois

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14
Q

how to confirm hydrallantois in a cow?

A

rectal palpation, ultrasound

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15
Q

what is hydrocephalus a result of?

A

abnormal CSF circulation

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16
Q

name the reproductive issue in cattle

genetic defect in aryshires;
can occur in any breed;
grossly swollen foetus due to SQ fluids;
can cause difficult dystocia

A

foetal anasarca

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17
Q

what is the best method of retaining a replaced prolapsed cervix/vagina in cattle?

A

Buhner suture

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18
Q

what sutures are needed for a rectal prolapse in a cow?

A

Buhner then purse string

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19
Q

what is the usual aetiology of vaginal/uterine tears?

A

dystocia
(excessive traction)

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20
Q

what is the treatment for a vaginal/uterine tear?

A

clamp vessel or apply pressure
(suturing not normally possible)

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21
Q

what can be used to prevent vaginal/uterine tears?

A

episiotomy

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22
Q

name the postpartum cow issue

normally associated with prolonged parturition due to oversize calf;
may occur after traction or unassisted delivery;
cows may have hypocalcaemia;

A

uterine prolapse

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23
Q

what is the treatment for a uterine prolapse?

A

replace uterus with manual pressure
(ensure fully everted)

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24
Q

name 3 medications that should be given to treat a cow with uterine prolapse

A
  1. systemic antibiotic
  2. steroid/NSAID
  3. oxytocin
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25
Q

name the postpartum cow issue

caused by large calf/dystocia;
can be mild-severe;
damage to nerves arisin from lumbo-sacral plexus

A

pelvic nerve damage

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26
Q

what 2 nerves are most as risk for pelvic nerve damage in a cow due to large calf/dystocia

A

obturator and gluteal nerves

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27
Q

how long does it take for complete uterine involution following calving?

A

4-6 weeks

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28
Q

name 6 factors affecting the rate of uterine involution in cattle

A
  1. parity
  2. retained foetal membranes
  3. metritis
  4. twins
  5. hypocalcaemia/selenaemia
  6. dystocia/trauma
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29
Q

this is the term for normal post-partum discharge

A

lochia

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30
Q

animals that have an abnormally enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine dischare detectable in the vagina within 21 days after parturition are classified as having this disease

A

metritis

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31
Q

name the grade of metritis

enlarged uterus and a purulent uterine dischare but no pyrexia/illness

A

grade 1

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32
Q

name the grade of metritis

‘puerperal metritis’
overt systemic illness (decr milk yield, fever >39.5°C, reduced appetite)

A

grade 2

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33
Q

name the grade of metritis

‘toxaemic metritis’
signs of toxaemia (cold extremities, dullness);
normally within 7 days of calving;
anorexia, milk drop, pyrexia, foul smelling discharge

A

grade 3

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34
Q

name 3 parts of treatment for grade 3 metritis

A
  1. systemic abx 3-5 days
  2. NSAID
  3. IV fluids (hypertonic saline)
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35
Q

name 3 secondary diseases that may develop in a cow with grade 3 metritis

A
  1. hypocalcaemia
  2. ketosis
  3. LDA
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36
Q

name the postpartum issue in cows

the presence of a purulent dischare detectable in the vagina 21 days or more post partum
OR mucopurulent discharge after 26 days post partum

A

clinical endometritis

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37
Q

how to diagnose endometritis?

A

examine contents of vagina

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38
Q

name 4 risk factors for endometritis in cows

A
  1. dystocia
  2. dirty calving boxes
  3. delay in cyclicity
  4. fatty liver syndrome
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39
Q

name 3 treatments for endometritis in a cow

A
  1. prostaglandin injection
  2. intrauterine antibiotic
  3. antiseptic wash out
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40
Q

is oestradiol benzoate injection for treatment of endometritis in cows licensed in the UK?

A

NO

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41
Q

name the postpartum issue in cows

accumulation of purulent material within the uterine lumen in the presence of a corpus luteum and a closed cervix

A

pyometra

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42
Q

what is the treatment for pyometra in cows

A

PGF (prostaglandin F)

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43
Q

name the 3 stages of parturition

A
  1. preparatory (2-6h)
  2. foetal expulsion (1-2h)
  3. expulsion of placenta (2-8h)
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44
Q

name the stage of parturition

restlesness, separate from herd, water bag expelled at the end of stage

A

stage 1: preparatory (2-6h)

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45
Q

name the stage of parturition

calf delivery completed

A

stage 2: foetal expulsion (1-2h)

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46
Q

name the stage of parturition

  1. cotyledon-caruncle attachments relax
  2. uterine contractions expel membranes
A

stage 3: expulsion of placenta (2-8h)

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47
Q

how long must foetal membranes be retained post-partum to be considered ‘retained foetal membranes’

A

more than 12h

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48
Q

name the condition

caused by:
- failure of normal separtaion of foetal cotyledonary villi from maternal caruncles
and/or
- primary uterine inertia

A

retained foetal membranes

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49
Q

name 4 predisposing factors for retained foetal membranes in cattle

A
  1. premature parturition
  2. oedema of chorionic villi from trauma
  3. pathological inflammation
  4. uterine inertia
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50
Q

name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes

immature placentomes not ready for separation;
twin calvings;
late abortions;
induced births

A

premature parturition

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51
Q

name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes

dystocia;
caesarean;
uterine torsion

A

oedema of chorionic villi from trauma

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52
Q

name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes

placentitis caused by abortion agent
eg. bacillus lichenformis

A

pathological inflammation

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53
Q

name the predisposing factor for retained foetal membranes

hypocalcaemia;
low selenium;
hydrops;
twins

A

uterine inertia

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54
Q

name 2 possible sequelae of retained foetal membranes

A
  1. spontaneous expulsion in 5-10d
  2. may develop acute metritis
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55
Q

name 5 treatment options for retained foetal membranes in a cow

A
  1. manual removal (often contraindicated)
  2. ecbolic drugs (unlikely to help unless 1° uterine inertia)
  3. intrauterine antibiotic pessaries
  4. systemic antibiotics
  5. PGF2⍺ injection after 3-4wks
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56
Q

name the reproductive condition in cattle

fluid filled structure >2.5cm in diameter present for >10d on one or both ovaries in absence of corpus luteum;
often 2nd and 3rd lactation high yielding cows;
consequences: delay in normal cyclicity causes extension of calving-conception interval (20-60dd)

A

cystic ovarian follicles

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57
Q

name the type of ovarian cyst

thin walled;
no progesterone produced;
plasma P > 1 ng/mL

A

follicular cyst

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58
Q

name the type of ovarian cyst

thicker walled;
progesterone producing;
plasma P > 1 ng/mL

A

luteal cyst

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59
Q

what is the consequence of failure of LH surge around time of ovulation or failure of follicle to respond to LH

A

ovarian cyst

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60
Q

name the 3 main causes of ovarian cysts in cattle

A
  1. management stress (cortisol release)
  2. energy stress (NEB)
  3. heat stress
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61
Q

name 3 clinical signs of a follicular cyst in cattle

A
  1. majprity anoestrus
  2. some show irregular and recurrent oestrus
  3. raised tail, slack ligaments?
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62
Q

what is the clinical sign of a luteal cyst in cattle?

A

anoestrus

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63
Q

how to accurately determine ovarian cyst type in a cow?

A

ultrasound

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64
Q

what is the best treatment for a luteal cyst?

A

prostaglandin (PG)

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65
Q

what are the 2 best treatment options for a follicular cyst

A
  1. GnRH injection
  2. PRID/CIDR for 10-12d
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66
Q

how many follicular waves are more common in heifers and beef cows
(and moderately yielding grassland base dairy cows) ?

A

3 follicular waves

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67
Q

cows or heifers?

have bigger CLs

A

cows

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68
Q

cows or heifers?

have higher P4 levels

A

heifers

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69
Q

90% of dairy cows resume cyclicity by this many days postpartum

A

50 days

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70
Q

what percent of beef cows resume cyclicity by 50 days postpartum (pp)

A

70%

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71
Q

when is the first postpartum ovulation in dairy cows typically?

A

between 20-30d

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72
Q

when is the first postpartum ovulation in beef cows typically?

A

20-60d

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73
Q

what pulse frequency must be sufficient in order for the first dominant follicle post-partum to persist and not fail

A

LH

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74
Q

what hormone stimulates waves of follicles following calving and low progesterone levels?

A

FSH

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75
Q

is oestrus behaviour seen in the first ovulation post-partum in cows ?

A

no, “silent”

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76
Q

what is the key hormone controlling return to cyclicity in cows?

A

LH

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77
Q

name 5 things which influence LH secretion post-partum

A
  1. P4 in the cyclic cow
  2. declinine negative energy balance
  3. health status
  4. suckling
  5. maternal bond/calf presence
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78
Q

name 4 factors affecting the post-partum anoestrus period

A
  1. season
  2. nutrition
  3. disease
  4. suckling
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79
Q

severe deficiency of this trace element may depress fertility of cows via LH effects, poor oestrus expression, etc

A

copper deficiency

(with excess molybdenum)

80
Q

being suckled causes release of what hormone which suppreses LH?

A

endorphin

81
Q

name 2 treatment options for anoestrus in a cow

A
  1. progesterone Tx (PRID or CIDR)
  2. GnRH injection
82
Q

this is the pulsatile release of PGF2⍺ from the endometrium towards the end of the luteal phase

A

luteolysis

83
Q

this is the physiological mechanism by which the conceptus inhibits luteolysis by altering PGF2⍺ synthesis and/or secretion

A

maternal recognition of pregnancy

84
Q

administration of what hormone induces luteolysis

A

PGF2⍺

85
Q

what is the net effect of conceptus interferon - tau production?

A

maintain the inhibition of the oxytocin receptor

86
Q

what might giving GnRH injection on day of AI do?

A

improve pregnancy rates

(causes LH surge & ovulation synchronous with AI)

87
Q

what might giving GnRH mid-cycle (10-12d post service) do?

A

reduce early embryonic death by 10%

(prevents luteolysis in some cows)

88
Q

this is a cow that fails to concieve following 3 or more consecutive serves at normal inter-oestrus intervals

A

repeat breeder cow

89
Q

name 5 causes of repeat breeding

A
  1. chance
  2. genetics
  3. undiagnosed pathology
  4. oocyte/embryo quality
  5. herd management
90
Q

name 4 things that are required for good dairy cow fertility efficiency

A
  1. get cows cycling after calving
  2. get cows served in good time after calving
  3. get cows submitted for service
  4. get cows to concieve
91
Q

how long is a cow’s gestation

A

282d

92
Q

how much of the herd must be included for a predicted calving interval

A

75%

93
Q

what is the target calving interval for a block calving herd

A

365 days

94
Q

for most herds, what is the target calving interval?

A

365-385d

95
Q

this is the number of pregnancies divided by number of services

A

conception rate

96
Q

what is the target conception rate for cattle

A

50%

97
Q

this is the percentage of cows in calf by 100 days after calving;
equivalent to calving - conception interval;
target over 50%

A

100 day in-calf rate

98
Q

this is the precentage of cows NOT in calf by 200 days after calving;
similar to culling rate for not in calf;
target under 10%

A

200 day in-calf rate

99
Q

this is the percentage of cows eligible to become pregnant in a given time frame, that do actually become pregnant;
usually use 3 week timeframe

A

21-day pregnancy risk

100
Q

what is the average cost per day over a 365 day target calving interval

A

£4

101
Q

name 4 categories of female infertiklity causes in cows

A
  1. anatomical
  2. infectious
  3. functional
  4. management
102
Q

name 4 management causes of femal infertility in cows

A
  1. poor oestrus detection
  2. poor timing of AI
  3. nutrition
  4. stress
103
Q

this is failure of fusion of the cervix/uterine body

A

uterine diadelphis

104
Q

name the anatomical cause of infertility in cows

placental anastomosis in 90% of bovine twins;
hormones, blood cells and other cells cross;
testosterone and male cells cause masculinisation of female twin;
variable clinical signs:
enlarged clitoris/tuft of hair, vagina 30-100% normal length, hypoplastic gonads, uterus difficult to palpate

A

freemartinism

105
Q

name the anatomical cause of infertility in cows

infection or non-infectious;
leads to obstruction of oviduct;
subfertility, hydrosalpinx, pyosalpinx;
diagnosis by rectal exam and tests for tubal patency

A

sapingitis

106
Q

name the anatomical cause of infertility in cows

caused by cystic ovarian disease or persistant CL;
diagnosis with history, rectal, ultrasound;
must treat underlying condition

A

mucometra/hydrometra

107
Q

name the 3 routes of uterine infections during pregnany for cows

A
  1. resident flora of reproductive tract during pregnancy
  2. transplacental
  3. haematogenous
108
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

gram negative spiral;
natural habitat: prepuce, glans penis, distal urethra;
service can lead to mechanical transmission;
mild endometritis/cervicitis, mucopurulent vaginal discharge, repeat breeder, embryonic death

A

Campylobacter

(C foetus var venerealis)

109
Q

how to diagnose Campylobacter as cause of infertility in femal cows

A

isolation of bacteria from post-service washes

110
Q

how to diagnose Campylobacter as cause of infertility in male bulls

A

isolation of bacterial from preputial washings

111
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

mouldy hay, feed, silage;
similar to mycotic abortion (placenta dry, leathery, yellowish brown);
control: feed & bedding, overcrowding, ventilation

A

Bacillus licheniformis

112
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

most are sporatic abortions;
control: accination, eliminate active carriers..
zoonoses regulations

A

Salmonellosis

(S. dublin)

113
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

ubiquitous, zoonosis (CNS disease rarely occurs at same time);
silage feeding

A

Listeriosis

114
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

secondary invader;
no systemic disease;
suppurative lesions in foetus and placenta

A

T. pyogenes

115
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) - resp disease, milk drop, repro disease;
venereal: natural service causing infectious pustular vulvo-vaginitis, AI causing repeat breeder/endometritis;
nonvenereal: AI causes repeat breeder, after month 2 causes abortion, late pregnancy causes stillborn or non-viable calves

A

Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV1)

116
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

protozoan of cattle, sheep and goats;
definitive host: dogs;
important cause of abortion worldwide

A

Neospora caninum

117
Q

name the infectious cause of infertility in cows

Aspergillus, Absidia;
spradic, up to 10% of herd;
ingested/inhaled spores enter bloodstream, germinate at foetal/maternal junction, cause endometritis and placentitis;
may cause resp disease;
thickened leathery allantochorion, cotyledons necrotic

A

mycotic abortion

118
Q

for the Brucellosis order, who must be informed of all abortions (<271 days)
they instruct the vet regarding testing and allows disposal of aborte material by incineration

A

AHDO

119
Q

what 3 options for samples should be collected for testing cause of abortions

A
  1. whole foetus
  2. placenta with cotyledons, lesions and normal tissue
  3. blood sample
120
Q

what is the minimum data required for record keeping in a dairy herd (4 things)

A
  1. cow ID
  2. fertility data (calving date, services)
  3. veterinary data (fertility treatments, diagnosis of problems)
  4. future actions (service, PD)
121
Q

when should post-natal checks routinely be carried out in problem cows?

A

21 days after calving

122
Q

name the classification of the cow

no visible heat by 42d calved;
no service by 63d calved;
no visible heat by 2-3wks after veterinary treatment

A

oestrus not observed (ONO) / not seen bulling (NSB)

123
Q

when can pregnancy diagnosis in a cow be done with ultrasound?

A

30d after service

124
Q

when can pregnancy diagnosis in a cow be done with manual palpation?

A

6-8 weeks after service

125
Q

name the method of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle

milk test;
carryover effect for 60d after calving;
levels rise from 35-40d after insemination;
levels persist after abortion/EED;
cost approx £3.50 per sample

A

pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs)

126
Q

name 8 cow factors affecting heat detection

A
  1. energy balance
  2. lameness
  3. general health
  4. repro tract
  5. calving difficulties
  6. uterine involution
  7. uterine infection
127
Q

name 4 environmental factors affecting heat detection

A
  1. temperature
  2. ventilation
  3. footing
  4. grouping strategy
128
Q

name 6 people factors affecting heat detection

A
  1. knowledge of heat signs
  2. heat checks per day
  3. time of day
  4. length of time checking
  5. person checking
  6. recording of heats
129
Q

how many periods and for how long should cows be observed for signs of oestrus

A

3 periods of 0.5h during the day

130
Q

name 3 important characteristics of heat detection aids for cows

A
  1. simple
  2. robust
  3. accurate
131
Q

name the heat detection aid

cheap and easy to apply;
removed when cow is bulling and/or disturbed;
disadv: poor weather can wash off, false positives

A

tail head chalk and paint

132
Q

name the heat detection aid

KaMar, Bovine Beacon, Estrus Alert;
electronic detector;
applied to top of pelvis;
activated when cow mounted;
false positives (back scratchers, cubicles)

A

heat mount detectors

133
Q

name the heat detection aid

use of vasectomised bulles or hormone treated animals;
use a chin ball roller to mark the cows;
best heat detector;
BUT: cost and hassle of keeping bull, spread of disease, needs to work

A

teaser animals

134
Q

name 2 advantages of using bulls (natural service)

A
  1. should be good at both heat detection and getting cows in calf
  2. use as a sweeper after AI
135
Q

name 5 disadvantages of using bulls (natural service)

A
  1. cost and hassle of keeping bull
  2. needs to work properly (lameness)
  3. spread of disease
  4. no genetic improvement
  5. get fat on milking cow TMR
136
Q

name the heat detection aid

device that records activity of cow;
cow activity will increase 4 fold during oestrus;
attached to neck collar or leg;
incorporated into parlour computer system

A

pedometers

137
Q

name the test

determine non-pregnancy at 19-24 days after service;
if low then definitely not in calf - serve 2-3d later;
if high then pregnant, variation in cycle length, persistent CL, or luteal cyst

A

milk progesterone test

138
Q

name the term

calving difficulty resulting from prolonged stage 2 or prolonged assisted calving

A

dystocia

139
Q

what are the 3 P’s that should be assessed for a calving

A
  1. presentation
  2. position
  3. posture
140
Q

what should the presentation of a calf be during calving?

A

longitudinal anterior

141
Q

what should the position of a calf be during calving?

A

dorsal

142
Q

what should the posture of a calf be during calving?

A

extended head, neck and forelimbs

143
Q

name 3 things that can be assessed in the calf to help determine if its dead or alive during calving

A
  1. withdrawal reflex
  2. tongue movement
  3. anal sphincter tone
144
Q

how long after appearance of membranes should you interfere with a calving cow if NO progression

A

30-60min

145
Q

how long after appearance of membranes should you interfere with a calving heifer if NO progression

A

60-90min

146
Q

this form of anaesthesia reduces vaginal sensation and therefore reduces straining

A

epidural anaesthesia

147
Q

where should caudal epidural anaesthesia be placed?

A

at ‘hinge joint’
(intercoccygeal space or sacrococcygeal space)

148
Q

name the pharmaceutical aid

uncertain mechanism of action;
relaxation of birth canal tissues (cervix and vagina);
useful for incomplete cervical dilation;
intramuscular injection and effect seen after 30-40min

A

Denaverine (Sensiblex)

149
Q

name the pharmaceutical aid

B2 agonist - smooth muscle relaxation;
uterine muscle relaxation;
given IV - rapid;
useful for manipulation and correction of foetal malpresentation

A

Clenbuterol (Planipart)

150
Q

name the procedure for an uncorrectable calving position

cutting up the foetus in utero;
performed if foetus too large to deliver and/or presentation not able to be corrected;
cases of hip lock in which foetal rotation doesn’t allow delivery;
can ONLY be performed on dead calf

A

foetotomy

151
Q

name 3 pros of a foetotomy for an uncorrectable calving position

A
  1. safer than caesarean if calf decomposing/emphysematous
  2. avoids abdo surgery risk and recovery
  3. can sometimes be quicker than caesarian
152
Q

name 4 cons of foetotomy for an uncorrectable calving position

A
  1. can lead to death of cow if soft tissues damaged during procedure
  2. physically difficult/demanding
  3. sometimes requires mutiple sections to be made
  4. requires experience for some presentations
153
Q

what anaesthesia should be given before performing a foetotomy

A

caudal epidural

154
Q

this can be placed in the eye sockets of the calf to aid in traction during a foetotomy and removing the head if needed

A

Kray hook

155
Q

name 3 options for correction of uterine torsion

A
  1. rotating calf in utero
  2. caesarean section
  3. cast and rotate cow (plank technique)
156
Q

name the option for correcting uterine torsion

only possible with mild degree of torsion and open cervix (need to be able to touch the foetus);
foetus held by bony prominence (head, shoulder, etc);
de-torsion rods can be used to manipulate foetus

A

rotating calf in utero

157
Q

name the option for correcting uterine torsion

useful if calf cannot be manipulated;
roll cow around its static foetus/uterus (legs of calf held in place per vagina);
laid in lateral recumbency on same side to direction of torsion;
cow is rolled over rapidly in same direction as twist

A

rotating cow

158
Q

name the option for correcting uterine torsion

wooden plank to hold the foetus and uterus in place as cow is rolled;
cow in lateral recumbency with plank on top of her, wood lying over top the uterus, lower end of plank resting on ground, assistant stands on lower end as cow is being rolled

A

plank technique of rotating cow

159
Q

where should the surgical approach for a caesaeran section in cow be done?

A

left flank standing

160
Q

where should the surgical approach for a caesaeran section in sheep be done?

A

lateral recumbency

161
Q

name the local anaesthetic technique

pros: quick and easy, haemostasis
cons: maceration of muscle, poor healing, cannot extend incision, incomplete anaesthesia of peritoneum

A

line block

162
Q

name the local anaesthetic technique

pros: quick and easy
cons: large volume of local, incomplete anaesthesia of deep muscle layers and peritoneum

A

inverted L block

163
Q

name the local anaesthetic technique

pros: blocks all muscle layers and peritoneum, low volume local required, easy to see when flank anaesthetised
cons: more difficult technique, cow may be more unsteady, vasodilation may lead to incr haemorrhage

A

paravertebral

164
Q

where should you clip a cow for a caesarean section

A

from transverse process to ventrum,
caudal rib to tuber coxae

165
Q

name 3 signs of proper local anaesthesia before starting a caesarean section

A
  1. scoliosis of spine (if parvertebral block used)
  2. flaccidity of skin/muscle
  3. no response to needle
166
Q

name the 2 steps of locating and exteriorising the usterus during a caesarian section if the calf is in normal presentation

A
  1. locate hindlimbs and pull calf up to incision site by grasping foot and hock
  2. incise over greater curvture of uterus using scissors from foot to hock
167
Q

name the 3 steps of locating and exteriorising the usterus during a caesarian section if the calf is in presented with back towards surgeon

A
  1. one hand under uterus and pull the metatarsus/carpus towards you
  2. back of calf simultaneously pushed away with other hand
  3. uterus and calf turned around longitudinal axis
168
Q

name the 3 steps of locating and exteriorising the usterus during a caesarian section if the calf is heavy in posterior presentation OR you are unable to turn calf

A
  1. pull calf as near to wound as possible
  2. incise uterus dorsally inside abdomen with guarded blade
  3. reach in for feet and pull up to wound + extend incision
169
Q

name the 3 suture options for suturing the uterus after a caesarian section in a cow

A
  1. Catgut
  2. Vicryl
  3. PDS
170
Q

what type of needle shsould be used to suture the uterus following a caesarian section in a cow

A

round bodied

171
Q

what suturing pattern should be used to suture the uterus following a caesarian section in a cow

A

continuous inverting pattern

172
Q

what type of suture should be used to close the muscle layers following a caesarian section in a cow

A

catgut

173
Q

what suturing pattern should be used to close the muscle layers following a caesarian section in a cow

A

continuous or cruciate pattern

174
Q

what type of suture material should be used to close the skin following a caesarian section in a cow

A

nylon
(non-absorbable material)

175
Q

name 3 possible complications with a caesarian section in a cow

A
  1. cow goes down
  2. uterine tears
  3. postop complications
176
Q

name 3 causes of uterine prolapse in a cow

A
  1. abdominal straining
  2. weight attached membranes
  3. partial invagination of distal uterus
177
Q

name 2 risk factors for uterine prolapse in a cow

A
  1. decr uterine tone
  2. manual extraction of calf and membranes
178
Q

what 4 drugs should be given to the cow post-procedure of fixing a uterine prolapse

A
  1. NSAID
  2. abx cover
  3. oxytocin
  4. calcium IV or SQ
179
Q

name 4 possible complications follwoing a uterine prolapse in cattle

A
  1. haemorrhage from uterine artery
  2. uterine tears
  3. necrosis
  4. infection/peritonitis
180
Q

name the type of suture

strong, secure suture through vaginal sub-cut tissue;
prevents re-prolapse;
allows time for inflamed cervical tissue to settle down;
must be removed before lambing!

A

Buhner suture

181
Q

name 3 drugs to give a sheep post-procedure of a vaginal prolapse

A
  1. NSAID
  2. corticosteroid (not if still pregnant)
  3. abx cover
182
Q

approximately how many spermatozoa per artificial insemination in cattle?

A

6-7 million

183
Q

what is the current average conception rates in dairy cows?

A

35%

184
Q

name 4 breeding companies that are sources of semen for AI in cattle

A
  1. genus
  2. cogent
  3. semex
  4. worldwide sires
185
Q

how long and at what temperature should semen be thawed at for AI (commonly)?

A

40s at 37 degrees

186
Q

name the 3 basic steps of artificial insemination technique in cattle

A
  1. positioning of gun in uterine body
  2. deposit semen
  3. withdraw gun
187
Q

is a Farm Sotrage License required for anyone storing and using processed semen?

A

not anymore

188
Q

how long after synchronisation progestagen sponge removal should sheep be inseminated with AI methods

A

56 h after removal

189
Q

where should semen be deposited for AI of sheep

A

just inside the cervix

190
Q

what is the current conception rate of sheep from AI?

A

~70%

191
Q

name 3 problems that make cervical AI difficult in sheep

A
  1. handling of sheep
  2. unable to deposit semen in uterus
  3. unable to use frozen semen
192
Q

how to inseminate sheep using intrauterine AI?

A

laparascopically

193
Q

what BCS do you want a heifer to have to recieve an embryo transfer

A

2-2.5

194
Q

what BCS do you want a cow to have to recieve an embryo transfer

A

2.5-3

195
Q

at least how many weeks calved do you want a cow to be to recieve an embryo transfer

A

at least 8 weeks calved

Y4 Farm Animal (15 decks)

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