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Y4 Farm Animal > foooood > Flashcards

foooood Flashcards

CA26-27; CA30-32

1
Q

what is the optimum rumen pH

A

7.0

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2
Q

what pH are rumen microbes depressed?

A

below 6.0

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3
Q

how is the rumen kept well buffered?

A

bicarbonate in saliva

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4
Q

name the 3 volatile fatty acids (VFA) that are end products of rumen fermentation

A
  1. acetate
  2. butyrate
  3. propionate
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5
Q

name 4 end products of rumen fermentation

A
  1. volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
  2. ammonia
  3. microbial cells
  4. gases (methane, CO2)
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6
Q

this the most important factor in diet formulation;
feeding of forage and concentrates;
most difficult factor to assess

A

Dry Matter Intake (DMI)

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7
Q

what is the equation for DMI (kg/day) for cattel

A

DMI (kg/day) = 2.5% BW + 10% milk yield

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8
Q

during what two stages of cows are DMI intakes reduced

A
  1. early lactation
  2. late pregnancy
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9
Q

name 7 cow factors in DMI

A
  1. body weight
  2. milk yield
  3. stage of lactation
  4. stage of pregnancy
  5. BCS
  6. cow comfort
  7. rumen health
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10
Q

name 5 food factors in DMI

A
  1. digestibility of foods
  2. concentrate feeding
  3. forages
  4. dietary deficiencies
  5. palatability
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11
Q

name 5 management factors in DMI

A
  1. TMR
  2. frequency of presentation of food
  3. restriciton of access
  4. water
  5. cow comfort
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12
Q

how much food should be left over at the end of 24h to ensure the cows are being fed enough?

A

5-10%

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13
Q

what is the daily maintenance energy requirement for Holstein cow?

A

70-80 MJ of ME

(metabolisable energy)

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14
Q

what is the production energy requirements for Holstein cow?

A

5 MJ of ME per litre of milk

(metabolisable energy)

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15
Q

name 2 types of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) produced by cattle

A
  1. urea
  2. ammonia
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16
Q

this is the protein (mixture of amino acids) which the animal has absorbed into its body and is available to meet the needs for maintenance and to produce protein in milk, meat and fibre

A

metabolisable protein

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17
Q

what two types of protein is metabolisable protein composed of?

A
  1. effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP)
  2. digestible undegradable protein (DUP)
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18
Q

this is an important source of energy for rumen;
essential to promote rumination;
formation of the rumen mat;
increases proportion of acetate produced in rumen (incr. butterfat levels)

A

fibre

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19
Q

name 3 types of quickly fermentable energy in the rumen

A
  1. starch
  2. sugars
  3. pectin

(creates proprionic and butyric acid)

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20
Q

name 3 types of slowly fermentable energy in the rumen

A
  1. hemicellulose
  2. cellulose
  3. lignin (resistant)

(creates acetate)

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21
Q

what length of fibre should be fed to cows

A

2.5-10cm long

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22
Q

how many litres of water does a cow need per kg of milk produced

A

2-3 L

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23
Q

what 3 things is the transition from dry cow to early lactation critical for?

A
  1. incr. dry matter intake in early lactation
  2. reduced disease problems in early lactation
  3. incr. milk production
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24
Q

name 4 aims for transitional cow management

A
  1. get cow ready for coming lactation
  2. maintain a positive energy balance
  3. good immune function of the cow
  4. prevent milk fever
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25
Q

what BCS should you aim for at calving

A

2.5-3.0

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26
Q

name 3 problems that can occur if a cow is too fat at calving

A
  1. excessive loss of condition score
  2. reduced DMI in early lactation
  3. health problems
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27
Q

name 2 problems that can occur if a cow is too thin at calving

A
  1. poor lactation yields
  2. health and repro problems
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28
Q

name 3 important reasons cattle need adequate long fibre in their diet

A
  1. to stimulate rumination
  2. to form floating mat in the rumen
  3. to promote chewing and saliva production
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29
Q

name 3 reasons buffer feeding of cows grazing at pasture (feeding of forage-based feeds as a supplement to grazed grass) is necessary

A
  1. decline in graass quality and availability
  2. inadequate grass DM intake
  3. support high levels of milk production
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30
Q

acidosis may occur if the ratio of concentrate to forage in ration exceeds what?

A

60:40

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31
Q

name 3 possible strategies to avoid drop in rumen pH

A
  1. use of third mid-day meal
  2. out-of-parlour feeders
  3. total mixed ration (TMR)
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32
Q

name the feeding strategy for cows

cows are fed according to requirements;
feeding to yield;
semi-TMR systems

A

group feeding strategies

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33
Q

name the feeding strategy for cows

all cows are fed the same amount of concentrates;
single TMR system

A

flat rate feeding strategies

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34
Q

name 4 factors influencing milk quality

A
  1. genetic
  2. age
  3. yield/stage of lactation
  4. disease
35
Q

name the 3 sources of fatty acids for synthesis of butterfat

A
  1. 50% from acetate and butyrate VFAs
  2. 10% from adipose tissue
  3. 40% from dietary fat
36
Q

what is the usual nutritional cause of low butterfat levels in milk?

A

lack of long fibre

37
Q

where is the major source of milk protein from?

A

microbial protein

38
Q

what is microbial protein synthesis (major source of milk protein) dependent on?

A

dietary energy

39
Q

is butterfat response to correction of the dietary problem fast or slow?

A

rapid (days)

40
Q

is milk protein response to correction of the dietary problem fast or slow?

A

slow (months)

41
Q

name 5 diseases associated with subacute rumen acidosis (SARA)

A
  1. negative energy balance
  2. LDA
  3. lameness
  4. poor fertility
  5. other peri-parturient diseases
42
Q

name the term

reduction in body stores

A

depletion

43
Q

name the term

subnormal concentrations in body

A

deficiency

44
Q

name the term

malfunction of body processes (sub-clinical disease)

A

disorder / dysfunction

45
Q

name the type of deficiency

levels of mineral in diet are inadequate

A

primary (simple)

46
Q

name the type of deficiency

levels if mineral in the diet are normal;
absorption and uptake from the diet inadequate

A

secondary (conditioned)

47
Q

name 3 indirect methods of correcting deficiency problems

A
  1. application of fertilisers to pasture
  2. minimising antagonists
  3. genetic selection
48
Q

what breed is more susceptible to copper deficiency? (cattle or sheep?)

A

cattle

49
Q

name 4 important functions in the body that copper plays an important role in (and would therefore become a clinical sign with copper deficiency)

A
  1. haemoglobin synthesis
  2. demyelination
  3. skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities
  4. melanin production
50
Q

where is 70% of body copper reserves stored?

A

liver

51
Q

name 3 chemical elements that have an effect on copper absorption in the rumen - they all bind copper and reduce it (create insoluble copper complexes)

A
  1. iron
  2. sulphur
  3. molybdenum
52
Q

name 3 coat and hair changes that may be seen with copper deficiency in cattle

A
  1. dry, sparse hair coat
  2. loss of coat colour
  3. ‘spectacles’
53
Q

name 4 skeletal abnormalities that may be seen with copper deficiency in cattle

A
  1. thickening of epiphysis (fetlock)
  2. spontaneous fractures
  3. joint stiffness
  4. lameness
54
Q

is neurological dysfunction a feature of copper deficiency in cattle?

A

no

55
Q

name the common neurological sign of copper deficiency in sheep

congenital;
hind-limb weakness and paresis;
ataxia and incoordination;
usually bright and alert otherwise;
usually apparent at birth or soon after

A

swayback (enzootic ataxia)

56
Q

is there treatment for swayback (enzootic ataxia) in sheep due to copper toxicity?

A

no, irreversible

57
Q

name 3 ways to diagnose copper deficiency

A
  1. dietary molybdenum levels
  2. serum/plasma copper levels
  3. liver copper levels
58
Q

what copper-dependent enzyme can be used for a longer term measure of copper status;
measures dysfunction ;
expensive

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

59
Q

name 3 methods of copper supplementation with oral compounds

A
  1. copper oxide needles
  2. boluses
  3. oral drenching with copper sulphate
60
Q

what element is required for the synthesis of vitamin B12 by rumen microbes?

A

cobalt

61
Q

what two things is vitamin B12 required for?

A
  1. energy metabolism (propionic acid)
  2. methionine synthesis
62
Q

what 2 specific clinical signs are seen in lambs with cobalt deficiency

A
  1. ovine white liver disease
  2. hepatic encephalopathy
63
Q

what is the main role of selenium and vitamin E in the bod?

A

prevent oxidative damage / cell membrane destruction

64
Q

what is the usual cause of selenium deficiency

A

low soil content

65
Q

what is the main clinical disease caused by selenium/vitamin E deficiency

A

white muscle disease
(nutritional muscular dystrophy)

66
Q

name 3 clinical signs of selenium/vitamin E deficiency

A
  1. stiffness
  2. discomfort
  3. reluctance to move
67
Q

name 2 markers of muscle damage in the blood that can be used to diagnose white muscle disease

A
  1. creatinine kinase (CK)
  2. AST
68
Q

what is iodine essential for the production of?

A

thyroxine

69
Q

is selenium a primary or secondary deficiency?

A

primary

70
Q

is iodine a primary or secondary deficiency?

A

both (can be either)

71
Q

what is the classic sign of iodine deficiency?

A

enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)

72
Q

what is the classic cause of secondary iodine deficiency

A

feeding brassicas to pregnant dam

73
Q

what is the best way to definitively diagnose iodine deficiency?

A

thyroid histopathology (PM)

74
Q

name 2 levels to measure to help diagnose iodine deficiency in the live animal

A
  1. plasma inorganic iodine
  2. thyroxine (T4)
75
Q

what is the major source of vitamin A for the newborn calf?

A

colostrum

76
Q

name 3 clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency in calves

A
  1. night blindness
  2. neurological signs
  3. opacity and thickening of cornea
77
Q

name 2 clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency in adult and growing cattle

A
  1. reduced growth rates
  2. bran-like scales on coat
78
Q

name 4 outputs we can use to assess if a diet for cattle is working properly

A
  1. milk production
  2. milk quality
  3. body condition score
  4. poor fertility
79
Q

what 3 biochemical parameters can be tested in blood to look at energy balance in a cow

A
  1. beta-OH butyrate
  2. NEFA
  3. glucose
80
Q

what 4 biochemical parameters can be tested in blood to look at protein levels in a cow

A
  1. urea
  2. total protein
  3. albumin
  4. globulin
81
Q

what 4 minerals might be routinely measured to look at diet balance for a cow

A
  1. magnesium
  2. phosphorous
  3. copper
  4. selenium (GSH-Px)
82
Q

how long after major diet changes should you wait before blood sampling?

A

2 weeks

83
Q

how many cows in the group should you blood sample to look at nutrition

A

5-12 cows in the group

Y4 Farm Animal (15 decks)

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