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Y4 Farm Animal > bok bok > Flashcards

bok bok Flashcards

AV01-05

1
Q

name 4 important health principles of commercial poultry flocks

A
  1. achieve production targets
  2. achieve welfare targets
  3. freedom from zoonosis
  4. freedom from residues
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2
Q

what is the target length of time to keep broilers for?

A

32-48d

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3
Q

what is the target length of time to keep breeder birds for?

A

60 weeks

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4
Q

what is the target length of time to keep layers (birds) for?

A

72 weeks

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5
Q

what is the production target for broiler birds?

A

2.2-3.8kg

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6
Q

what is the production target for breeder birds?

A

150 hatching eggs
(80% hatchability)

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7
Q

what is the production target for layer birds?

A

300 eggs

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8
Q

name the 2 processes of biosecurity barriers on commercial poultry farms

A
  1. keep disease out
  2. stop it spreading between flocks if it gets into a site
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9
Q

what type of production system do you want on a commercial poultry unit

A

all-in/all-out

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10
Q

how long must people be poultry-free before coming to a commercial poultry unit

A

72h

(no contact with poultry outside of premises)

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11
Q

name 4 ways of monitoring disease on commercial poultry units

A
  1. serology/PCR
  2. bacteriology
  3. TVCs
  4. Post mortems
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12
Q

name 5 methods of administrating vaccines on commercial poultry units

A
  1. injection
  2. eye-drop
  3. drinking water
  4. on feed
  5. spray
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13
Q

where are injectable killed vaccines injected in poultry?

A

breast muscle or leg

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14
Q

this is the most common injectable live vaccine used in poultry
(often done by robots in the hatchery)

A

Marek’s disease

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15
Q

what type of live vaccines are common given via water administration?

A

for respiratory diseases

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16
Q

this vaccine for poultry requires frequent admin to maintail local immunity

A

IB (infectious bronchitis)

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17
Q

name the respiratory disease of poultry

highly infectious coronavirus with many different variants (defined by S protiein);
variants 793B & Qx common in UK;
infection starts in trachea, virus may reach bloodstrea and spread to oviduct and kidney if not stopped by antibodies;
secondary E. coli infections common;
shed in resp tract and faeces, NO vertical transmission

A

Infectious Bronchitis (IB)

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18
Q

name 5 clinical signs of infectious bronchitis (IB) in commercial layers

A
  1. drop in egg production
  2. thin-shelled/pale/misshapen eggs
  3. respiratory signs
  4. blind later pathology
  5. kidney damage
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19
Q

how to diagnose infectious bronchitis (IB) in commercial layers?

A

clinical signs and PM
or RT-PCR

(serology not helpful as vaccinated birds can have high Ab titers)

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20
Q

name the respiratory disease of commercial layers

highly contagious virus affecting chickens, turkeys and ducks;
subtypes A, B, C, & D;
easily killed by disinfectants;
infection exacerbated by poor ventilation, high stocking density, stress, co-infection with E. coli, ORT, MG

A

avian metapneumovirus (aMPV)

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21
Q

how is avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) spread?

A

in resp secretions

(NOT faeces)

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22
Q

name 3 clinical signs of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in commercial layers

A
  1. swollen head syndrome
  2. decline in egg numbers
  3. reduced eggshell quality

(chickens may be asymptomaic)

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23
Q

name 4 clinical signs part of ‘swollen head syndrome’ seen with avian metapneumovirus (aMPV)

A
  1. sinusitis
  2. frothy eyes
  3. nasal discharge
  4. torticollis
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24
Q

name the respiratory disease of commercial layers

highly contagious herpesvirus which causes a latent infection;
svere resp signs, reduced egg production, sudden death if a blood/mucus/pus blocks trachea;
control with a single live vaccination in-rear, or vector vaccine at day-old

(more common in backyard chickens than commercial)

A

infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT)

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25
Q

name the respiratory disease of commercial layers

bacteria without cell walls;
can be transmitted vertically & horizontally;
establish a latent infection;
common on multi-age sites

A

mycoplasma

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26
Q

name the Mycoplasma species

chickens, game birds, turkeys, most avian species;
contributes to chronic resp disease (CRD) in broilers;
conjunctivitis and sinusitis;
reduced flock performance;
co-infections with IB, TRT, Ms;
can lead to pericarditis, perihepatitis, air sacculitis with E. coli in broilers

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg)

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27
Q

name the Mycoplasma species

chickens, game birds, turkeys, most avian species;
usually milder clinical signs than Mg;
glassy topped eggs;
lameness, reduced flock performance;
co-infections with IB, TRT, Mg;
incr susceptibility to E. coli peritonitis ;
swollen joints

A

Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms)

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28
Q

what is the gold standard (but expensive) method of diagnosing Mycoplasma in poultry

A

culture and MIC testing

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29
Q

name the disease affecting commercial layers

main cause of mortality in commercial laying flocks in the UK;
frequently occurs at two periods during lay:
1. as birds are reaching peak production
2. >50wks (age-related decline in immunity)

infection via resp tract or via vent;
once inside body cavity will cause peritonitis, airsacculitis, septicaemia, death

A

E. coli peritonitis syndrome

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30
Q

name 5 predisposing factors for E.coli peritonitis syndrome in birds

A
  1. poor air quality
  2. other resp pathogens
  3. flock stressed/immune compromised
  4. poor gut helth
  5. high levels of vent pecking/cannibalism in flock
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31
Q

what antibiotic can be used to treat E.coli peritonitis syndrome in commercial layers (0 egg withdrawal)

A

oxytetracycline

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32
Q

name the disease affecting commercial layers

reservoirs of infection are wild birds, livestock, rodents, cats;
peracute: sudden death, congested carcass
acute: depression, anorexia, cyanosis, diarrhoea, mucus discharges
chronic: depression, conjunctivitis, dyspnoea, swollen wattles, torticollis, lameness

A

Pasturellosis / Fowl Cholera

(P. multocida)

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33
Q

name 4 PM pathologies seen with peracute/acute Pasturellosis in commercial layers

A
  1. congested carcass
  2. petechiation
  3. necrotic foci liver
  4. lung oedema
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34
Q

name 3 PM pathologies seen with chronic Pasturellosis in commercial layers

A
  1. caseous joint lesions
  2. perihepatitis and pneumonia
  3. swollen wattles
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35
Q

name the disease affecting commercial layers

sources: pigs, sheep, rodents, long survival in soil;
infection by skin lesions, consumption of infected material (cannibalism), red mite;
acute: depression, inappetance, congested extremities, sudden death;
chronic: cutaneous lesions, swollen hocks;
ZOONOTIC

A

erysipelas

(Erysepelothrix rhusiopathiae)

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36
Q

what drug will reduce mortality in layers due to erysipelothrix in short term, but disease usually returns

A

penicillin

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37
Q

name the disease affecting commercial layers

widespread and highly contagious herpesvirus;
assume its present in every chicken flock;
horizontally transmitted;
transforms T-cells causing immunosuppression and neoplastic changes in liver, spleen and nervous system;
infection from inhalation of skin and feather dust from other poultry

A

Mareks Disease

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38
Q

clinical signs of Mareks Disease are generally not seen before this age of birds

A

8wks
(most commonly detected at 12-24wks)

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39
Q

name 2 clinical signs of the classical form of Mareks Disease

A
  1. ataxia
  2. paralysis (esp of wings and legs)
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40
Q

name the disease affecting commercial layers

cause erythroid, lymphoid and myeloid leucosis and a variety of other tumours;
strains A, B, C, D, E, J;
subclinical may depress performance;
lymphoid is most common and usually in layer type birds

A

Avian Leucosis (ALV)

41
Q

name the endoparasite of commercial layers

earthworms and house flies paratenic hosts;
eggs may also be ingested directly from soil;
prepatent period = 4wks, eggs may remain infective in soil for many years;
limited pathological significance but important role in transmission of Histomonas meleagridis

A

Heterakis

42
Q

name the endoparasite of commercial layers

direct life cycle;
prepatent period = 5-8wks;
largest nematode pathogen found in poultry;
clinical signs most severe in birds aged under 3mo;
inappetence, diarrhoea, dehydration, stunted growth, dullness, misshaped and/or soft thin shelled eggs

A

Ascarids

43
Q

name the endoparasite of commercial layers

direct life cycle;
most important intestinal nematode parasite in chickens;
weight loss, diarrhoea, regurgitation, anaemia and oral necrotic plaques when present in high numbers

A

Capillaria

(Capillaria obsignata)

44
Q

how often should faecal worm egg counts be done in commercial layer flocks?

A

4-6wks

45
Q

name 4 licensed wormers for chickens with 0 egg withdrawal

A
  1. Gallifen (fenbendazole)
  2. Panacur Aquasol (fenbendazole)
  3. Flimabend (flubendazole)
  4. Flubenvet (flubendazole)
46
Q

what is the scientific name for Red Mite?

A

Dermanyssus gallinae

47
Q

name the ectoparasite affecting commercial layers

very common and most damaging parasite of laying hens worldwide;
lifecycle can be as short as 10d in warm weather;
visible to the naked eye;
colonies live within the poultry house and only become active at night

A

Red Mite (Dermanyssus gallinae)

48
Q

name the red mite control method

dehydrates and abrasively destroys mites in the environment

A

Diamatacious eart

49
Q

name the red mite control method

spray-on products - kill mites in the environment

A

Pyrethroid-based

50
Q

name the red mite control method

in-water - kill mites on host & 0 egg withdrawal;
expensive and only suitable for treating larger flocks

A

Exzolt (fluralaner)

51
Q

name the disease of gamebirds

commonly seen from 2-10wks;
dull, depressed, enteritis, weight loss;
exacerbated by overstocking, stress, damp conditions, dirty water;
diagnosis by wet prep exam of intestinal scrapes;
Avatec used in feed, toltrazuril or amprolium in water

A

coccidiosis

52
Q

name the disease of gamebirds

single cell motile protozoa, infection likely by faecal-oral route;
commonly seen from 4-14wks;
dullness, rapid wasting, enteritis (often yellow bubbly droppings);
diagnosis by wet prep exam of intestinal scrapes from FRESHLY CULLED birds;
treatment with Tiamulin plus Doxycycline

A

Hexamita / Spironucleus

53
Q

name the disease of gamebirds

horizontal and vertical transmission;
widespread in parent stock and exists in carrier state;
classical ‘swollen head syndrome’, dullness;
outbreaks usually associate with stress;
treatment with abx will only suppress clinical signs

A

Mycoplasma gallisepticum

54
Q

name the disease of ducks

types 1-3 which are antigenetically different;
mortality can reach 90% in a young naive flock, and generally presents as sudden death;
control by vaccination of breeders

A

Duck Viral Hepatitis

55
Q

name the disease of ducks

presents acutely as haemorrhagic eneteritis, ataxia and death;
associated with contact with natural water sources or wild waterfowl;
control by vaccination, C&D, biosecurity

A

Duck Viral Enteritis

56
Q

name the disease of ducks

bacterial disease causing respiratory signs, ataxia and mortality;
controlled by abx treatment, vaccination, improved hygiene/biosecurity

A

Riemerella anatipestifer

57
Q

name the disease of turkeys

associated with caecal cores and circumscribed hobnail lesions on the surface of the liver;
intermediate hosts are Heterakis worms;
Tx can be difficult and involves thorough C&D at turnaround, routine worming and use of abx

A

Blackhead (Histomonas meleagridis)

58
Q

name the 4 main differential diagnoses for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)

A
  1. erysipelas
  2. pasteurella
  3. avian pathogenic e. coli
  4. newcastle disease
59
Q

name the 2 most common strains of Newcastle Disease

A
  1. Viscerotrophic velogenic (haemorrhages in intestinal tract)
  2. Neurotrophic velogenic (resp and nervous signs)
60
Q

where is the initial replication for velogenic Newcastle Disease?

A

within intestine

61
Q

what does poor litter with a wet and alkaline surface cause in broilers?

A

pododermatitis

62
Q

necrotic enteritis in broilers is caused by entertoxaemia associated with the overgrowth of what pathogen?

A

Clostridium perfringens

63
Q

name 4 clinical signs seen with necrotic enteritis in broilers

A
  1. inappetance
  2. dullness
  3. sometimes diarrhoea
  4. necrosis of intestinal villi
64
Q

what drug can be used as an effective treatment for necrotic enteritis in broilers

A

amoxicillin

65
Q

name the 4 main species of importance causing coccidiosis in broilers

A
  1. E. acervulina
  2. E. maxima
  3. E. mitis
  4. E. tenella
66
Q

how many days does the coccidia lifecycle take?

A

5 days

67
Q

how to treat/control coccidiosis in broilers?

A

in-feed anti-coccidial program for broilers

68
Q

name 2 drugs that are effective against all species of coccidia in broilers

A
  1. Ionophores (Narasin)
  2. synthetic chemicals (Nicarbazin)
69
Q

this is a change in the normal bacterial flora of a broiler

A

dysbacteriosis

70
Q

name 5 clinical signs of dysbacteriosis in broilers

A
  1. foamy droppings
  2. fluctuations in water intake
  3. inappetance
  4. unevenness
  5. wet litter
71
Q

what is the treatment for dysbacteriosis in broilers

A

amoxicillin

72
Q

name 3 diseases associated with Fowl Adenoviruses (FAdVs)

A
  1. inclusion body hepatitis (IBH)
  2. hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome (HHS)
  3. gizzard erosion
73
Q

this is disease in broilers caused by a natural toxin produced by a fungus, usually as a result of toxin-producing fungi growing in feed

A

mycotoxicosis

74
Q

name 3 ways mycotoxicosis may present in broilers

A
  1. oral ulcers and crusts on palate or tip of tongue
  2. poor enteric health
  3. rapid drop in feed intake
75
Q

name the 2 most common causes of viral enteritis in broilers

A
  1. Reovirus
  2. Rotavirus
76
Q

name the pathogen causing viral enteritis in broilers

more likely to cause pancreatic atrophy with fibrosis of the pancreas;
these birds will fail to produce sufficient pancreatic enzymes for adequate digestion

A

Reovirus

77
Q

name the pathogen causing viral enteritis in broilers

will typically cause the gut to appear thin walled with very watery contents;
may be gas accumulation in the caeca;
birds are often stunted in growth;
caecal contents may be pale and foamy;
microscopic exam of the guts shoes stunting of villi and reduction in crypts

A

Rotavirus

78
Q

what phase is most of the broilers life spent in?

A

brooding phase

79
Q

name the disease of broiler chickens

aka Gumboro or IBD or IBDV;
not vertical;
tough virus resistant to disinfectants etc;
knocks out multiphying B cells causing permanent immune suppression if less than 3w old OR viraemia with fever, diarrhoea, mortality and temporary immune suppression if 3-6w

A

infectious bursal disease (IBD)

80
Q

name the organ in chickens

home of the B-cell;
antibody production;
physiological atrophy as bird grows;
atrophy due to stress, MDV, IBDV, etc

A

The Bursa of Fabricius

81
Q

name the virus causing infectious bursal disease (IBD)

DS RNA in 2 segments;
tough capsid shell 60-70nm;
VP2 (glycosylated, virus neutralising epitopes);
VERY resistant to heat and disinfectants

A

Avibirnavirus

82
Q

this is due to increased R ventricular load and subsequent failure in broilers

A

ascites

83
Q

name 4 causes of ascites in broilers

A
  1. reduced oxygen availability
  2. elevated CO2
  3. incr resp demand
  4. pulmonary hypertension
84
Q

name 3 common non-infectious skeletal problems seen in broilers

A
  1. rotational (torsional) and angular (valgus/varus) deformity
  2. dyschondroplasia
  3. rickets
85
Q

name 3 common infectious skeletal problems of broilers

A
  1. Staphyloccocosis
  2. Reovirus
  3. Mycoplasma
86
Q

name the skeletal problem in broilers

absolute or relative deficiency of calcium or phosphorus or insufficient vitamin D;
malabsorption;
flexibility of long bones;
marginal or sub-clinical rickets may go unreported, but may be associated with poor chick performance

A

Rickets

87
Q

how to control rickets in broilers?

A

adquate Calcium and Phosphorus in diet (correct ratio)

88
Q

name the 3 main places Staphylococcosis can be isolated from when causing skeletal disease in broilers

A
  1. proximal femur
  2. proximal tibiotarsus
  3. hock or stifle joint
89
Q

name the cause of lameness in broilers

ulceration of the metatarsal and digital footpads;
wet or poor quality litter is the common cause, a biotin deficiency will also cause it;
frequently scored in flocks or at the abattoir and used as an outcome measure of welfare

A

plantar pododermatitis

90
Q

this is a common cause of human food poisoning, does NOT cause pathology in birds;
infected birds remain carriers for several weeks;
faecal shedding appears to increase with stress

A

Campylobacter

91
Q

how many birds should be used for PM to investigate a problem?

A

5-10

92
Q

which bone in the bird contains continuations of the airsacs

A

right humerus

93
Q

which bone in a hen laying eggs contains ‘medullary bone’ a highly labilr form of bone available for egg shell formation;
only present in birds with active ovaries and producing eggs

A

left humerus

94
Q

what is dark breast muscle on a bird during PM suggestive of?

A

dehydration or septicaemia

95
Q

the liver of a bird should be no bigger than this part of the body

A

no bigger than the rib cage

96
Q

name 3 conditions enlargement of a bird’s liver during PM could suggest

A
  1. Mark’s
  2. septicaemia
  3. other bacterial infection
97
Q

name 2 conditions congested livers in birds can be associated with

A
  1. septicaemia
  2. heart failure
98
Q

chickens only have 1 active ovary, which side is it on?

A

left

Y4 Farm Animal (18 decks)

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