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Y4 Farm Animal > General (Housing/Toxicology/Surgery) > Flashcards

General (Housing/Toxicology/Surgery) Flashcards

CA01; CA11; CA28-29; CA19

1
Q

name 4 aims of biosecurity

A
  1. prevent introduction of disease onto a farm
  2. minimise spread of disease on farm
  3. control and eradication of disease
  4. reduce zoonotic disease risks
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2
Q

name the 5 key requirements for cattle housing

A
  1. temperature
  2. moisture
  3. fresh air
  4. air speed
  5. hygiene
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3
Q

name 4 protocols that should be in place to help decrease disease pressures

A
  1. standard and hi-spec cleaning
  2. calving and calf pens
  3. feeding equipment
  4. feeders
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4
Q

what should the neutral temperature be for a new-born calf to function?

A

10-26 degrees celsius

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5
Q

what should the neutral temperature be for a 4 week old calf to function

A

0-23 degrees celsius

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6
Q

this is an important requirement for housing for cattle; it is very good at killing respiratory viruses and bacteria

A

fresh air
(open air)

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7
Q

at what age do calves need water

A

after day 2!

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8
Q

name 4 treatment options for cattle/sheep that have eaten toxic plants

A
  1. IVFT
  2. Charcoal
  3. Rumenotomy
  4. some specific antidotes
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9
Q

name the toxin

plants: yew, ragwort, laburnum, lupins, hemlock;
acrid/bitter taste animals usually avoid but can become addicted to them;
generally fatal posonings/incomplete recovery

A

alkaloids

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10
Q

name the toxic plant

most poisonous plant of Europe;
parks, gardens, fences;
ALL parts of the tree are poisonous;
taxine, alkaloids, and cyanide cause cardiac failure (sudden death);
no specific treatment - will often just find animals

A

Yew

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11
Q

name the toxic plant(s)

mimic neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin);
teratogenic effects;
excess salivation, vomiting, abd convulsions, death

A

Hemlock and Lupins

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12
Q

name the toxic plant(s)

common in pasture;
toxic after drying;
avoided by animals unless desperate (bitter taste),
toung plants worse than old;
pyrrolizidine alkaloids lead to hepatic toxicity

A

ragwort

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13
Q

name the toxic plant(s)

name the 4 types of toxic glycosides

A
  1. cyanogenic
  2. goitrogenic
  3. cardiac
  4. saponins
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14
Q

name the type of toxic glycoside

ex: linseed and laurel;
contain enzymes which convert glycosides to hydrocyanic acid (HCN);
HCN inactivates cytochrome oxidase system which starves cells of oxygen

A

cyanogenic glycosides

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15
Q

name 3 PM signs of cyanogenic glycosides

A
  1. bright red mucosa
  2. smell of ‘bitter almonds’ in rumen
  3. HCN content of liver or muscle
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16
Q

name the type of toxic glycoside

glucosinolate and thiocyanate;
highest concentration of toxin is in seeds of mature plants;
goitre, reduced growth rates, dairrhoea, sudden onset blindnes;
no treatment if glucosinolate induced, treat with iodine supplementation if thiocyanate induced

A

goitrogenic glycosides

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17
Q

name the type of toxic glycoside

ex: lily of the valley, foxglove, rhododendrums;
do not lose toxicity when dried or boiled;
toxin: digitoxin and digitalin - specific action on myocardium, incr contractility and reduces HR;
treatment with IVFT, atropine, propanolol, charcoal, rumenotomy

A

cardiac glycosides

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18
Q

what treatment can be used for rhododendrum toxicity

A

black tea

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19
Q

name the type of toxic glycoside

ex: common ivy;
naturally occurring glycoside with physical properties of soap;
bitter taste;
generally absorbed very slowly;
lg quantities cause gastroenteritis;
emetic and purgative

A

saponins

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20
Q

name the toxic plant

foilage contains protoanemonin;
acrid bitter taste;
can cause blisters and dermatitis on mouth, could cause death in vast quantities;
NOT toxic once dried in hay

A

buttercups

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21
Q

name the toxic plant

VERY common in scotland;
woods, fields, hillsides;
cumulative toxic effect over 1-3mo of exposure;
remain toxic in hay;
mortality usually above 90% in cattle

A

bracken fern

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22
Q

name the 4 toxins present in bracken

A
  1. thiaminase
  2. ptaquiloside
  3. aplastic anaemia factor
  4. prunasin
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23
Q

name the toxic plant

particularly toxic for ruminants;
individual animals can develop cravings for them;
bind to protein;
cause astringent reaction in mouth;
hydrostable tannins broken down in GIT to toxic metabolites causing necrosis of renal tubules

A

acorns (tannins)

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24
Q

what 3 things can be administered in order to treat tannin toxicity

A
  1. liquid paraffin with milk
  2. mucilage
  3. appetite stimulants
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25
Q

name the 3 parts of treatment for an animal affected by photosensitising agents

A
  1. immediately house in darkness until lesions heal
  2. abx cover for secondary infections
  3. NSAID
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26
Q

this is caused by the fungus Pithomyces chartarum;
associated with perennial ryegrass pasture in New Zealand;
sporidesmins concentrate in the liver and biliary tract causing reduced bile flow and hepatitis with hepatogenous photosensitisation

A

facial eczema

27
Q

what can be used to prevent the spores and the toxins from causing facial eczema

A

zinc

28
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • copper
  • bracken fern
  • acorn/oak
A

urinary system

29
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • bracken/fern
  • sulphur toxicity
  • lead
  • lupine
  • organophosphates
  • mycotoxins
  • hemlock
  • ragwort
  • nightshades
  • rhododendron
  • blue-green algae
A

neurological

30
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • St. John’s wort / hypericum
  • bog asphodel
  • blue-green algae
  • axcess of any green fodder
A

dermatological / skin

31
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • pasture grasses (tryptophan)
  • sorghum
  • perilla mint
  • moldy sweet potato
  • stinkwood
  • rapeseed
  • kale
A

respiratory

32
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • oleander
  • Ionophores
  • gossypol
  • yew
  • foxglove
  • bracken
  • laurel
A

cardiac/vascular

33
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • nitrate/nitrite
  • brassica poisoning
  • lead
  • laurel and prunus
A

blood / haemoglobin

34
Q

what body system is affected by these toxins

  • ponderosa pine
  • lupine
  • mycotoxins
  • hemlock
A

reproductive

35
Q

name 5 toxin-related risks of crop grazing?

A
  1. haemolytic anaemia factor (SMCO)
  2. nitrate toxicity
  3. bloat
  4. photosensitisation
  5. goitre
36
Q

name the toxin associated with crop grazing

rape and kale feeding;
converded by bacterial fermentation in rumen to dimethyl sulphide causing haemolysis;
small amounts = poor growth rates;
high concentrations = lambs become anaemic with red urine progressing rapidly to death

A

SMCO (haemolytic anaemia factor)

37
Q

name the toxin associated with crop grazing

absorbed by plants from soil;
accumulates in soil during dry periods;
clovers and Brassica absorb high concentrations;
causes gastroenteritis, abd pain and scour;
combines with haemoglobin to form methaemoglobin which cannot transport oxygen

A

nitrates/nitrites

38
Q

what is the treatment for nitrate/nitrite toxicity

A

slow IV infusion of methylene blue

39
Q

what must be fed alongside brassicas in order to avoid bloat

A

fibre

40
Q

name 3 risk factors for summer scour syndrome

A
  1. early weaned calves
  2. dairy calves
  3. lush, fertilised grass
41
Q

name 4 sheep breeds with high susceptibility to copper toxicity

A
  1. bluefaced leicester
  2. north ronaldsay
  3. texel
  4. suffolk
42
Q

name 2 sheep breeds with low susceptibility to copper toxicity

A
  1. cheviots
  2. scottish blackface
43
Q

name 4 gross PM findings in sheep with copper poisoning

A
  1. enlarged, gun-metal kidneys
  2. red urine
  3. jaundice
  4. hepatic necrosis
44
Q

name 5 common causes of lead poisoning

A
  1. paint
  2. car batteries
  3. gunshot
  4. fishing weights
  5. industrial waste
45
Q

what tube should blood be collected in to look for lead poisoning

A

heparin tubes

46
Q

name 4 common mycotoxins

A
  1. Aflatoxin (Aspergillus)
  2. Zearalenone (Fusarium)
  3. Fumonisin (Fusarium)
  4. Ergots (Claviceps)
47
Q

name 5 common clinical signs of mycotoxin poisoning

A
  1. diarrhoea
  2. ketosis
  3. fatty liver
  4. abortion
  5. death
48
Q

name the mycotoxin

produced by Fusarium spp.;
contaminate growing plants and stored feed;
prefers moderate climate and humid conditions;
primarily oestrogenic effects (binds to estradiol receptors)

A

zearalenone

49
Q

name 3 clinical signs of zearalenone mycotoxin poisoning

A
  1. signs of estrus
  2. vulvovaginitis
  3. reproductive dydfunction
50
Q

name the mycotoxin

produced by Fusarium spp;
found in cereal crops;
assoc with warm conditions and insect damage;
causes pulmonary oedema in pigs = usually acute and fatal;
leads to immunosuppression

A

Fumonism

51
Q

name the mycotoxin

produced from Claviceps spp;
rye, ryegrasses, fescues or silage-based;
not common;
causes vasoconstriction leading to ischemic necrosis and gangrene of extremities

A

ergotism (fescue foot)

52
Q

is there a legal requirement for anaesthetic/analgesia when using an elastrator ring to castrate a calf, lamb, or kid <7d

A

no

(but NSAID recommended)

53
Q

what is the ideal age to surgically castrate a calf

A

1-3mo

54
Q

at what age does castration of a calf require local anaesthetic and vet

A

over 2mo

55
Q

what sort of analgesia/anaesthetic should be used when vasectomising a ram

A

xylazine sedation plus local

56
Q

what should be removed in a vasectomy of a ram?

A

3-5 cm of vas deferens

57
Q

at what age does dehorning cattle become an act of veterinary surgery?

A

more than 2 mo

58
Q

what is the ideal age for disbudding calves

A

2-4 weeks

59
Q

what nerve block must be done with 2-5 mL procaine before disbudding a calf

A

cornual nerve block

60
Q

name 2 possible complications of dehorning with larger horns

A
  1. haemorrhage
  2. frontal sinusitis
61
Q

what local nerve block must be given to goats before disbudding

A

cornual branch of infratrochlear and lacrimal nerves

62
Q

do NOT apply burners for longer than this when disbudding goat kids

A

3s

63
Q

is it a requirement to use anaesthetic when placing a bull nose ring

A

no

Y4 Farm Animal (15 decks)

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