General (Housing/Toxicology/Surgery) Flashcards
CA01; CA11; CA28-29; CA19
name 4 aims of biosecurity
- prevent introduction of disease onto a farm
- minimise spread of disease on farm
- control and eradication of disease
- reduce zoonotic disease risks
name the 5 key requirements for cattle housing
- temperature
- moisture
- fresh air
- air speed
- hygiene
name 4 protocols that should be in place to help decrease disease pressures
- standard and hi-spec cleaning
- calving and calf pens
- feeding equipment
- feeders
what should the neutral temperature be for a new-born calf to function?
10-26 degrees celsius
what should the neutral temperature be for a 4 week old calf to function
0-23 degrees celsius
this is an important requirement for housing for cattle; it is very good at killing respiratory viruses and bacteria
fresh air
(open air)
at what age do calves need water
after day 2!
name 4 treatment options for cattle/sheep that have eaten toxic plants
- IVFT
- Charcoal
- Rumenotomy
- some specific antidotes
name the toxin
plants: yew, ragwort, laburnum, lupins, hemlock;
acrid/bitter taste animals usually avoid but can become addicted to them;
generally fatal posonings/incomplete recovery
alkaloids
name the toxic plant
most poisonous plant of Europe;
parks, gardens, fences;
ALL parts of the tree are poisonous;
taxine, alkaloids, and cyanide cause cardiac failure (sudden death);
no specific treatment - will often just find animals
Yew
name the toxic plant(s)
mimic neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin);
teratogenic effects;
excess salivation, vomiting, abd convulsions, death
Hemlock and Lupins
name the toxic plant(s)
common in pasture;
toxic after drying;
avoided by animals unless desperate (bitter taste),
toung plants worse than old;
pyrrolizidine alkaloids lead to hepatic toxicity
ragwort
name the toxic plant(s)
name the 4 types of toxic glycosides
- cyanogenic
- goitrogenic
- cardiac
- saponins
name the type of toxic glycoside
ex: linseed and laurel;
contain enzymes which convert glycosides to hydrocyanic acid (HCN);
HCN inactivates cytochrome oxidase system which starves cells of oxygen
cyanogenic glycosides
name 3 PM signs of cyanogenic glycosides
- bright red mucosa
- smell of ‘bitter almonds’ in rumen
- HCN content of liver or muscle
name the type of toxic glycoside
glucosinolate and thiocyanate;
highest concentration of toxin is in seeds of mature plants;
goitre, reduced growth rates, dairrhoea, sudden onset blindnes;
no treatment if glucosinolate induced, treat with iodine supplementation if thiocyanate induced
goitrogenic glycosides
name the type of toxic glycoside
ex: lily of the valley, foxglove, rhododendrums;
do not lose toxicity when dried or boiled;
toxin: digitoxin and digitalin - specific action on myocardium, incr contractility and reduces HR;
treatment with IVFT, atropine, propanolol, charcoal, rumenotomy
cardiac glycosides
what treatment can be used for rhododendrum toxicity
black tea
name the type of toxic glycoside
ex: common ivy;
naturally occurring glycoside with physical properties of soap;
bitter taste;
generally absorbed very slowly;
lg quantities cause gastroenteritis;
emetic and purgative
saponins
name the toxic plant
foilage contains protoanemonin;
acrid bitter taste;
can cause blisters and dermatitis on mouth, could cause death in vast quantities;
NOT toxic once dried in hay
buttercups
name the toxic plant
VERY common in scotland;
woods, fields, hillsides;
cumulative toxic effect over 1-3mo of exposure;
remain toxic in hay;
mortality usually above 90% in cattle
bracken fern
name the 4 toxins present in bracken
- thiaminase
- ptaquiloside
- aplastic anaemia factor
- prunasin
name the toxic plant
particularly toxic for ruminants;
individual animals can develop cravings for them;
bind to protein;
cause astringent reaction in mouth;
hydrostable tannins broken down in GIT to toxic metabolites causing necrosis of renal tubules
acorns (tannins)
what 3 things can be administered in order to treat tannin toxicity
- liquid paraffin with milk
- mucilage
- appetite stimulants
