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Y4 Farm Animal > mastitis > Flashcards

mastitis Flashcards

CA33-36

1
Q

name the condition

inflammation of the udder

A

mastitis

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2
Q

name 4 general causes of mastitis

A
  1. infection
  2. trauma
  3. engorgement
  4. chemical
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3
Q

incidence or prevalence?

clinical mastitis expressed as cases / 100 cows / year

A

incidence

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4
Q

incidence or prevalence?

sub-clinical mastitis expressed as percent of recordings

A

prevalence

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5
Q

what is the reservoir of infection for contagious pathogens causing mastitits

A

cow (udder or teat skin)

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6
Q

what is the reservoir of infection for environmental pathogens causing mastitits

A

environment

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7
Q

do contagious pathogens causing mastitis have bacterial adhesive properties?

A

yes

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8
Q

do environmental pathogens causing mastitis have bacterial adhesive properties?

A

no

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9
Q

name 3 contagious pathogens that cause mastitis

A
  1. Staph. aureus
  2. Strep. agalactiae
  3. Strep. dysgalactiae

(also Mycoplasma spp. & C. bovis)

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10
Q

name 2 environmental pathogens that cause mastitis

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Strep. uberis

(also Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Yeasts and moulds)

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11
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

strong adhesive properties;
clinical disease varies from peracute to chronic;
poor treatment success rates;
gram pos

A

Staph. aureus

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12
Q

name 5 reasons Staph. aureus causing mastitis is so difficult to treat successfully

A
  1. poor abx penetration to site of infection
  2. production of beta-lactamase
  3. persistance of bacterial w/in cell
  4. bacteria insensitive to abx therapy
  5. insufficient duration of therapy
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13
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

highly contagious;
excretion of high numbers of bacteria;
good treatment success rates ;
gram pos

A

Strep. agalactiae

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14
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

present on teat skin (esp if damaged);
also in environment (short-term vector);
gram pos

A

Strep. dysgalactiae

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15
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

highly contagious
hard udder with watery/sandy/thick secretions;
polyarthritis may be a feature

A

Mycoplasma spp

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16
Q

name the contagious mastitis pathogen

teat end commensal bacteria?
poor post-mlking teat disinfection;
gram pos

A

Corynebacterium bovis

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17
Q

name the environmental mastitis pathogen

infection during dry period very important;
large numbers in faeces;
clinical disease varies from peracute to chronic;
gram neg

A

E. coli

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18
Q

name the environmental mastitis pathogen

association with straw yards;
outbreaks may also occur at pasture;
infection during the dry period important;
poor treatment succes rates (chronic cases);
clinical signs vary from acute to subclinical;
cow adapted strains exist;
gram pos

A

Strep. uberis

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19
Q

name the type of mastitis

disease of dry cows and heifers;
occurs at grass from may-aug;
mechanical transmission via head fly;
swollen, painful, hard, hot quarter;
thick clotted pus udder secretions;
most cases lead to permanent damage of the quarter

A

summer mastitis

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20
Q

name the 3 main bacteria involved in summer mastitis

A
  1. Trueperella pyogenes
  2. Peptostreptococcus indolicus
  3. Streptococcus dysgalactiae
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21
Q

name 5 parts of treatment for summer mastitits

A
  1. parenteral abx injections
  2. intramammary abx
  3. NSAID injections
  4. stripping of udder to remove pus/clots
  5. remove from other cows in group
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22
Q

name 4 parts in control of summer mastitis

A
  1. reduce exposure
  2. fly control
  3. sealing of teat canal
  4. dry cow therapy
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23
Q

name 2 chemicals produced in the milk to provide instrinsic defence mechanisms against mastitis

A
  1. Lactoferrin
  2. Lactoperoxidase
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24
Q

how long after milking does the teat canal close?

A

about 30min

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25
Q

name 3 teat end defences cows have against mastitis

A
  1. teat skin
  2. teat canal barrier
  3. teat canal closure
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26
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

caused by several strains of Bovine papillomavirus;
rice grain type or more florid projecting warts;
self limiting in most cases;
most common in heifers

A

papillomatosis (warts)

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27
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

a disease of young cows/heifers mainly;
can be outbreaks in autumn/winter;
herd immunity seems to develop quickly;
can cause significant problems during outbreak;
symptomatic treatment with udder cream;
diagnosis on signs or virus isolation from vesicle fluid

A

Herpes mammillitis

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28
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

caused by parapoxvirus - related to viruses causing papular stomatitis in calves and orf in sheep;
zoonotic;
no specific treatment;
relies on parlour hygiene and teat disinfection

A

psudocowpox

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29
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

superficial bacterial skin infection;
Staphylococci spp usually involved;
may be associated with poor environmental conditions or skin trauma;
clean, apply topical antiseptic cream

A

udder impetigo / necrotic dermatitis

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30
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

mainly heifers close to calving;
resolves when lactation starts;
non-infectious;
may require treatment if severe;
may cause udder impetigo

A

udder oedema

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31
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

sporadic - cows at pasture;
normally primary (can be secondary to liver disease);
non-pigmented skin affected;
remove cow from sunlight;
apply soothing teat creams until healing

A

photosensitisation

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32
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

traumatic lesions caused by poor milking machine function or in beef cows from aggressive suckling;
flies will exacerbate lesions;
symptomatic topical treatment and remove cause

A

teat chaps / summer sores

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33
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

caused by forces on teat end during milking;
teat end scoring (various systems) used to measure degree of problem: normal, abnormal, no ring, smooth ring, rough ring, very rough ring, etc

A

teat end lesions (hyperkeratosis)

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34
Q

name the bovine teat disease - risk factor for mastitis

secondary infection with Fusibacterium necrophorum;
usually due to poor hygiene and problems with milking machine;
treat with topical antiseptic;
review teat disinfection practices;
check milking machine function

A

blackspot

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35
Q

name 2 subclinical signs of mastitis

A
  1. somatic cell count (SCC)
  2. bacteria
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36
Q

name 3 clincial signs of mastitits

A
  1. changes in milk
  2. changes in udder
  3. systemic illness in the cow
37
Q

what 3 clinical/subclinical signs will be seen in a clinical grade I case of mastitis

A
  1. SCC
  2. bacteria
  3. changes in milk
38
Q

what 4 clinical/subclinical signs will be seen in a clinical grade II case of mastitis

A
  1. SCC
  2. bacteria
  3. changes in milk
  4. changes in udder
39
Q

what 5 clinical/subclinical signs will be seen in a clinical grade III case of mastitis

A
  1. SCC
  2. bacteria
  3. changes in milk
  4. changes in udder
  5. systemic illness in cow
40
Q

name 5 methods of detecting clinical mastitis

A
  1. foremilking
  2. palpation of udder
  3. systemic illness in cow
  4. in-line mastitis detectors
  5. milk sock/filter
41
Q

name 4 methods for detecting sub-clinical mastitis

A
  1. somatic cell counts (SCC)
  2. bactoscan
  3. incr. in milk conductivity
  4. measurement of acute phase proteins in milk
42
Q

name the method of detecting subclinical mastitis

measurement of the number of cells in the milk (epithelial cells and WBCs)

A

Somatic Cell Counts (SCC)

43
Q

name the 3 ways of measuring somatic cell counts (SCC)

A
  1. automatic methods (Fossomatic method)
  2. California Mastitis Test (CMT)
  3. Whiteside test (NaOH)
44
Q

individual cow SCC (ICSCC) below what value indicates healthy udder status?

A

below 200,000 cells/mL

45
Q

milk yield drops by what percent for every increase in ICSS of 100,000 (above a base figure of 200,000)

A

2.5%

46
Q

name the method of detecting subclinical mastitis

measurement of the total number of bacteria in the milk

A

Bactoscan

47
Q

name 4 major sources of bacteria in milk

A
  1. mastitis pathogens from the udder
  2. environmental contamination
  3. dirty milking plant
  4. poor refrigeration of milk
48
Q

how long following cessation of antibiotic treatment can samples be taken from clinical cases of mastitis to identify pathogens

A

7 days

49
Q

what is the main ‘treatment cost’ for subclinical mastitis?

A

discarded milk

50
Q

when should subclinical mastitis caused by Strep agalactiae be treated?

A

during lactation

51
Q

when should subclinical mastitis caused by Staph aureus be treated?

A

during dry period

52
Q

during what period is there a better chance of curing subclinical mastitis?

A

dry period

53
Q
A
54
Q

what is the treatment for grade I (mild) mastitis - milk changes only?

A

intramammary antibiotic tubes alone

55
Q

what 4 things must be stated in the Herd Health Plan in relation to treating mastitis?

A
  1. product to be used
  2. length of treatment
  3. milk withholding time
  4. sampling for bacteriology
56
Q

what is the treatment for grade II (moderate) mastitis - milk and udder changes? (3 parts)

A
  1. intramammary antibiotic tubes
  2. parenteral antibiotic therapy
  3. NSAID therapy
57
Q

name the type of mastitis

severe depression (recumbent);
initial pyrexia then subnormal temp;
diarrhoea;
hard, hot swollen quarter;
serum-coloured watery secretion;
endotoxaemia;
dehydration

A

coliform mastitis

58
Q

what is the main treatment for coliform mastitits?

A

fluid therapy
(3L 7.2% saline, 40L water orally)

59
Q

name the 3 parts of treatment for coliform mastitis

A
  1. fluid therapy
  2. NSAIDs
  3. quarter stripping & oxytocin
60
Q

what temperature of water do cows prefer?

A

warm

61
Q

name the 3 general principles of control of mastitis

A
  1. reduce reservoirs of infection
  2. reduce transmission/spread of infection
  3. improve defence mechanisms
62
Q

name the 6 point Mastitis Control Plan

A
  1. regular milking machine maintenance
  2. post-milking teat disinfection
  3. dry cow therapy
  4. prompt treatment and recording of clinical cases
  5. culling of chronic cases
  6. correct milking routine
63
Q

name 5 ways the milking machine has an influence on the incidence of mastitits

A
  1. act as fomite
  2. damage to teat end
  3. colonisation of teat canal
  4. impact forces (liner slip)
  5. overmilking
64
Q

what problem will the following cause for the cow?

  1. overmilking (biphasic milk let down or incorrect ACR setting)
  2. high tension & thick walled liners resulting in incr compressive load
  3. high milk line pressure resulting in incr compressive load
A

teat end damage

65
Q

what problem will the following cause for the cow?

  1. poor fitting liners exposing teat basse to higher pressures
  2. low tension, thin walled &silicone liners resulting in reduced compressive load
  3. low milk line pressure resulting in reduced compressive load
  4. short d-phase resulting in reduced massage
A

oedema

66
Q

name 4 aims of post-milking teat disinfection

A
  1. removal of mastitis pathogens from teat skin
  2. removal of bacteria from teat sores
  3. reduces new infection rate
  4. improving teat skin quality
67
Q

name 3 aims of pre-milking teat disinfection

A
  1. reduce contamination
  2. reduce number of bacteria in the milk
  3. reduce the incidence of environmental mastitis
68
Q

name 2 pros of using internal teat sealants for dry cows

A
  1. very effective at preventing new environmental infections
  2. persist throughout dry period
69
Q

name 3 problems with using internal teat sealants for dry cows

A
  1. no effect on existing infections
  2. infuse using strict asepsis
  3. residues lead to ‘blackspot’ defect in cheese
70
Q

name 3 problems with using external teat sealants on dry cows

A
  1. lack of adherence
  2. need to re-apply
  3. no effect on existing infections
71
Q

what percent cure rate of subclinical infections should you aim for by using antibiotics before the dry period

A

85% +

72
Q

what is the minimum length of dry period for a cow?

A

8 weeks

73
Q

how many cases of mastitis in the same quarter in a single lactation to recommend culling the cow?

A

3+

74
Q

how many cases of mastitis in all quarters in a single lactation to recommend culling the cow?

A

5+

75
Q

name the order the following groups of cows should be milked:
low yielders, medium yielders, high yielders, high SCC counts, freshly-calved cows, cows with mastitis

A
  1. freshly-calved cows
  2. high yielders
  3. medium yielders
  4. low yielders
  5. high SCC cows
  6. cows with mastitis
76
Q

what is the target BMSCC (bulk milk somatic cell count)

A

below 150,000

77
Q

what is the target proportion of miling herd with ICSCC > 200,000/mL
(individual cow somatic cell count)

A

below 10%

78
Q

what is the target bactoscan for a dairy herd?

A

below 20,000

79
Q

what is the target mastitis rate? (quarter cases per 100 cows per year)

A

below 20

80
Q
A
80
Q
A
81
Q

what is the target summer mastitis rate?

A

below 2%

82
Q

name 3 benefits of a mastitis control programme

A
  1. incr milk revenue
  2. decr replacement rates
  3. reduced treatment of clinical cases
83
Q

name the value in bulk tank analysis

total number of bacteria

A

bactoscan

84
Q

name the value in bulk tank analysis

total number of viable bacteria

A

TBC

85
Q

name the value in bulk tank analysis

bacteria which can withstand pasteurisation

A

thermoduric count (LPC)

86
Q

name the value in bulk tank analysis

measure of environmental contamination

A

coliform counts

87
Q

name the value in bulk tank analysis

bacteria which grow at 2-10°C commonly found in dust

A

psychotroph indicator value

88
Q

name the 4 main sources of bacteria in milk

A
  1. dirty milking plant
  2. mastitis pathogens from the udder
  3. environmental contamination
  4. poor refirgeration of milk

Y4 Farm Animal (15 decks)

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