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Y4 Farm Animal > metabolic > Flashcards

metabolic Flashcards

CA41-44

1
Q

what percent of magnesium is in the skeleton (unavailable)

A

60-70%

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2
Q

what percent of magnesium is in the soft tissues?

A

30-40%

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3
Q

what percent of magnesium is in extracellular fluid (readily available)

A

1%

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4
Q

what is the biggest output of magnesium in a cow

A

milk production (lactation)

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5
Q

where is dietary magnesium absorbed in cattle?

A

rumen and omasum

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6
Q

name 3 main clinical signs of acute hypomagnesaemia in cattle

A
  1. sudden death
  2. apprehensive, hyperaesthesia
  3. lateral recumbency, convulsions
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7
Q

what is the % mortality of acute hypomagnesaemia in cattle?

A

30% mortality

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8
Q

name 3 clinical signs of subclinical/chronic hypomagnesaemia in cattle

A
  1. depression in milk yield
  2. depression in dry matter intake
  3. herd irritability / nervousness
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9
Q

what must the plasma magnesium be below in order to diagnose hypomagnesaemia in cattle

A

below 0.8mmol/L

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10
Q

what will plasma magnesium usually be below in acute cases of hypomagnesaemia in cattle?

A

below 0.4mmol/L

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11
Q

what 2 other metabolic values will be abnormal in blood with acute hypomagnesaemia in cattle?

A
  1. hypocalcaemia
  2. hyperkalaemia
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12
Q

what can be used to control convulsions in cattle with acute hypomagnesaemia in the EU/UK

A

xylazine

(pentobarbitone and acepromazine not in EU)

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13
Q

name 2 treatment options for cattle with acute hypomagnesaemia (both injections)

A
  1. 400mL of 40% calcium borogluconate with added magnesium IV
  2. 400mL of 25% magnesium sulphate SC
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14
Q

what is the daily requirement of magnesium for a cow giving 25 L of milk?

A

5g

(intake will depend on absorption!)

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15
Q

how much dietary magnesium is absorbed in the gut by cattle?

A

10-35%

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16
Q

what is the target value of dietary magnesium to be fed to a cow per day

A

30g

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17
Q

name 4 options/methods for supplementing magnesium for cows

A
  1. medicated water
  2. mineral supplements in food
  3. dusting of pasture
  4. intra-ruminal boluses
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18
Q

name the 4-part definition of downer cow

A
  1. cow has been recumbent for over 24h
  2. no specific cause for recumbency
  3. cow is in sternal recumbency
  4. usually related to calving
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19
Q

name 4 metabolic causes of downer cow

A
  1. hypocalcaemia
  2. hypomagnesaemia
  3. untreated ketosis
  4. fat cow syndrome
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20
Q

name 4 toxaemia causes of downer cow

A
  1. metritis
  2. salmonella
  3. peritonitis
  4. acute coliform mastitis
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21
Q

name 4 neurological causes of downer cow

A
  1. obturator paralysis
  2. sciatic damage
  3. peroneal paralysis
  4. tibial paralysis

(caused by dystocia)

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22
Q
A
23
Q

name 3 common secondary complications of downer cow

A
  1. nerve damage
  2. compartment syndrome
  3. skeletal damage
24
Q

what two values can be measured to assess muscle damage in a case of downer cow

A
  1. CK (elevated for 1-2d)
  2. AST (elevated for 1-2wks)
25
Q

what percent of downer cows will rise in 4-7 days

A

50%

26
Q

prognosis for downer cow is poor after how many days?

A

10 days

27
Q

is a downer cow eligible for emergency slaughter outside the slaughterhouse for human consumption?

A

NO

28
Q

name the metabolic disease in cattle

elevated ketone bodies in blood stream (acetone, acetoacetone, betahydroxybutyrate)

A

hyperketonaemia

(ketosis)

29
Q

name the 3 ketone bodies produced by metabolic pathways

A
  1. acetoacetate
  2. beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)
  3. acetone
29
Q

when does ketosis often occur in cattle

A

in early lactation

30
Q

name 3 subclinical signs of ketosis in cattle

A
  1. loss of body condition
  2. depressed milk yield
  3. reduced fertility and milk protein long-term
31
Q

this common condition in cattle can be both an underlying cause or a consequence of ketosis

A

LDA

32
Q

name the form of ketosis based on clinical signs

decreased milk yield;
weight loss;
dark firm waxy faeces;
loss of appetite;
sweet ketone smell on breath

A

wasting form

33
Q

name the form of ketosis based on clinical signs

excessive salivation;
abnormal chewing;
licking of any available object;
incoordination, circling;
head pressing, apparent blindness;
signs intermittent

A

nervous form

(hypoglycaemic encephalopathy)

34
Q

name 3 clinical biochemistry signs of ketosis

A
  1. lowered blood glucose levels
  2. elevated NEFA (mobilisation of body fat)
  3. elevated BHB (ketone body formation)
35
Q

what cowside test can be done on the milk to help diagnose ketosis

A

Rothera’s test

36
Q

what are the 2 main treatments for ketosis

A
  1. oral admin of glucose precursors
  2. vitamin B12 supplementation
37
Q

this is a blood metabolite that indicates degree of fatty liver

A

NEFA

38
Q

when does fatty liver often develop in cattle?

A

before and during parturition

39
Q

what is the highest risk factor for fatty liver disease in cattle?

A

over conditioned cows

40
Q

what is the most important way to prevent subclinical ketosis in cattle?

A

good dry cow management

(correct BCS, transitional cow diet)

41
Q

this is an ionophore antimicrobial that alters microbial fermentation in the rumen to favour proprionate production to improve FCE and energy balance;
used to prevent subclinical ketosis

A

monensin

42
Q

name the metabolic disease of sheep

energy deficiency due to increased demands at end of pregnancy;
rapid growth of foetus(s) increases demand for glucose

A

pregnancy toxaemia

43
Q

what is the treatment for pregnancy toxaemia in sheep?

A

glucose

44
Q

what is the daily dietary requirement of calcium for a pregnant cow?

A

45 g/day

45
Q

what is the daily dietary requirement of calcium for a lactating cow producing 25 L of milk

A

65 g/day

46
Q

what is the daily dietary requirement of calcium for a lactating cow producing 40 L of milk?

A

90 g/day

47
Q

what level of calcium in the blood would be diagnostic for milk fever?

A

below 1.5 mmol/L

48
Q

what is the treatment for milk fever in a cow?

A

IV calcium borogluconate (400mL) SLOWLY

49
Q

do you want a positive or negative DCAB diet to prevent milk fever in cattle?

A

negative

50
Q

when do you want to feed a full DCAB diet to cows in order to prevent milk fever?

A

2-3 weeks prior to calving

51
Q

what does a DCAB diet do the pH of blood?

A

acidifies

52
Q

name 2 clinical signs of ovine hypocalcaemia

A
  1. muscle paralysis
  2. incr resp rate and reflux of rumen contents

Y4 Farm Animal (15 decks)

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