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Y4 Farm Animal > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

CA9-10; CA20-22

1
Q

name 4 clinical signs of acidosis

A
  1. mental obtundation
  2. decreased suck reflex
  3. muscle weakness
  4. gut stasis
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2
Q

name 4 clinical signs of dehydration

A
  1. skin tent
  2. enopthalmos
  3. cold extremities
  4. tachycardia
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3
Q

how much oral fluids should be given to a dehydrated calf?

A

1-2L every 4-6h

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4
Q

what is the maintenance rate of IV fluids for a calf

A

5mL/kg per hour

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5
Q

what molecule should oral fluid therapy contain in order to treat a calf with acidosis

A

bicarbonate

(or one of its precursors)

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6
Q

what is the degree of acidosis?

alert and standing;
no skin tent or enopthalmos

A

no acidosis

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7
Q

what is the degree of acidosis?

standing securely;
enopthalmos

A

mild acidosis

(base deficit about 10mmol/L)

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8
Q

what is the degree of acidosis?

tired or listless;
wobbly;
aid to stand

A

moderate acidosis

(base deficit about 20mmol/L)

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9
Q

what is the degree of acidosis?

comatose or obtunded;
sternal or lateral recumbency;
impaired palpebral reflex

A

severe acidosis

(base deficit >20mmol/L)

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10
Q

what is the equation for the total base replacement (mmol) by IV therapy for a calf with acidosis

A

total base replacement = body weight (kg) x base deficit (mmol/L) x distribution of bicarb in the ECF (0.7 L/kg)

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11
Q

name the type of IV fluid

contains lactate (which is metabolised to bicarb);
mix of D-lactate & L-lactate;
calves cannot fully utilise D-lactate so less bicard os produced;
not ideal but can help if all you have

A

Hartmanns

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12
Q

what is the most prevalent (infectious) cause of diarrhoea in a calf <7 days old

A

bacteria

(LESS acidotic than older calves)

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13
Q

what is the most prevalent (infectious) cause of diarrhoea in a calf 7-21 days old

A

virus

(usually acidotic)

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14
Q

what is the most prevalent (infectious) cause of diarrhoea in a calf >1 month old

A

parasite

(not acidotic)

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15
Q

what 4 causes of diarrhoea does a calf side scour SNAP test diagnose

A
  1. E coli
  2. Rotavirus
  3. Coronavirus
  4. Cryptosporidia
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16
Q

name the infectious cause of diarrhoea in calves

multiplies and releases enterotoxin which upregulates chloride secretion, increases osmotic potential of GIT contents so water is drawn into the lumen causing secretory diarrhoea;
rapid dehydration through faecal fluid loss and decr. fluid intake due to anorexia

A

E. coli

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17
Q

name the infectious cause of diarrhoea in calves

replicates in epithelial cells of small intestinal villi;
destruction of mature enterocytes in the villi;
secretion of a viral enterotoxin and atrophy of sm. intestine villi & colonic crypts causes malabsorptive diarrhoea leading to dehydration and acidosis

A

rotavirus

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18
Q

what 3 pathogens is Bovilis used to vaccinate against (active immunisation of pregnant cows and heifers to raise Abs against them)

A
  1. E. coli
  2. rotavirus
  3. coronavirus
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19
Q

name 2 treatment options for Cryptosporidia

A
  1. Parofor crypto
  2. Halocur
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20
Q

name 2 ways to diagnose coccidiosis

A
  1. McMasters
  2. Sporulation (for species)
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21
Q

name 2 treatment options for coccidiosis

A
  1. Diclazuril (Vecoxan)
  2. Toltrazuril (Baycox)
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22
Q

name 3 common bacterial/viral causes of diarrhoea in an adult cow

A
  1. Johne’s
  2. Salmonella
  3. Winter dysentery
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23
Q

what are the 3 main differential diagnoses for winter dysentry in adult cattle

A
  1. salmonellosis
  2. dietary upset
  3. SARA
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24
Q

what is the treatment for winter dysentery in adult cattle

A

symptomatic

(usually resolves with no treatment)

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25
Q

what is the most common type of Salmonella in UK cattle?
also causes abortion; NOT zoonotic

A

Salmonella Dublin

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26
Q

this is a common type of salmonella that causes salmonellosis in cattle and IS zoonotic

A

Salmonella Typhimurium

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27
Q

name 4 main ways Salmonella gets into a farm

A
  1. bought in animals
  2. slurry spreading
  3. vermin/birds
  4. vets & other visitors
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28
Q

what age of calves (mainly) are affected by Salmonella

A

2-6 weeks

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29
Q

what is the name of the vaccine used to prevent/control Salmonella (killed/inactivated vaccine for S. Dublin & S. Typhimurium);
reduce shedding and help protect in-contacts by reducing environmental contamination

A

Bovivac S

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30
Q

name the term

the study of how often disease occurs in different groups of animals and why

A

epidemiology

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31
Q

name the term

a disease which is consistently present in a particular population or region

A

endemic disease

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32
Q

name the term

an infectious disease that does not normally occur in a particular region

A

exotic disease

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33
Q

this is the average number of secondary cases produced in a naive population from one infectious individual

A

R_0

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34
Q

in endemic disease, what does R_0 usually equal?

A

1

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35
Q

what must R_0 be in order for an infection to spread in a naive population?

A

R_0 > 1

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36
Q

what are the 4 pillars of / what 4 things does the health status of any herd depend on?

A
  1. Biosecurity
  2. Surveillance
  3. Immunity
  4. Biocontainment
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37
Q

name the pillar of herd health status

risk of disease entering a herd;
depends on disease mode of transmission, farm biosecurity, buying history and geographical situation

A

biosecurity

38
Q

name the pillar of herd health status

on farm - do we know what diseases are circulating on farm?
depends on current testing and scheme membership

A

surveillance

39
Q

name the pillar of herd health status

on farm - depends on current and historical disease circulation, vaccination history and herd origin

A

immunity

40
Q

name the pillar of herd health status

risk of disease spreading on farm;
depends on housing and management practices

A

biocontainment

41
Q

where/what does Leptospirosis infect cattle through

A

mucous membranes

42
Q

where does Leptospirosis localise following infection through mucous membranes

A
  1. repro tract
  2. kidneys
  3. udder
43
Q

how is Leptospirosis spread/transmissed

A

infected urine

44
Q

name 4 risk factors for Leptospirosis in cattle

A
  1. co-grazing with sheep
  2. shared water courses
  3. open herd
  4. shared bulls
45
Q

how long can infected cattle remain hosts of Leptospirosis for?

A

years

46
Q

what are the 3 main clinical signs of Leptospirosis in cattle?

A
  1. milk drop
  2. abortion
  3. infertility
47
Q

how to diagnose Leptospirosis on a herd level?

A

bulk milk ELISA

48
Q

what is the treatment for Leptospirosis?

A

Pen Strep

(Oxytetracycline or amoxyxillin also effective)

49
Q

name the 2 vaccinations for Leptospirosis in cattle

A
  1. Spirovac
  2. Leptavoid-H
50
Q

name the 3 official control programmes for Leptospirosis in cattle

A
  1. Accredited Free programme
  2. Monitored Free Programme
  3. Eradication Programme
51
Q

what protozoan parasite is one of the most important cause of bovine abortion?

A

Neospora

52
Q

what is the definitive host of Neospora?

A

dogs

53
Q

name the two forms that Neospora exists in

A
  1. Tachyzoite
  2. Bradyzoite
54
Q

name the form of Neospora

actively multiplying stage that migrates through the body in the acute stage of infection

A

tachyzoite stage

55
Q

name the form of Neospora

part of the chronic infection when the parasite persist within the cell in tissue cysts

A

bradyzoite stage

56
Q

this can occur when bradyzoite stage of Neospora are reactivated to the tachyzoite stage and spread throughout the body again

A

recrudescence

57
Q

name the 2 most important transmission routes of Neospora in herds

A
  1. abortion storm (outbreak - dog horizontal)
  2. endemic abortions (cow vertical)
58
Q

what does vertical transmission of Neospora ocurring in mid to late gestation result in?

A

persistently infected calf

59
Q

what does horizontal Neospora infection early in pregnancy in cattle result in?

A

abortion

60
Q

name the 3 main risk factors for neospora transmission in cattle

A
  1. contact with dog faeces
  2. persistently infected (PI) cattle
  3. buying in infected cattle
61
Q

is there a treatment or licensed vaccine in the UK for Neospora?

A

no

62
Q

name the 2 way approach to reduce transmission risk of neospora in cattle

A
  1. test & cull cattle (diagnose)
  2. management (prevent exposure/contact)
63
Q

name 4 reasons for limited options of control programmes for neospora in cattle

A
  1. sporadic incursions
  2. persistent infection
  3. low diagnostic sensitivity & few clinical signs
  4. no vaccine or treatment
64
Q

what does DIVA stand for in terms of diagnostic pathogen testing

A

Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals

65
Q

this is the ability of a test to correctly classify animals as positive
(false negatives)

rule IN the diagnosis

A

sensitivity

66
Q

this is the ability of a test to correctly classify animals as negative
(false positives)

rule OUT the diagnosis

A

specificity

67
Q

what pathogen causes Johne’s disease

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)

68
Q

when does clinical disease of Johne’s disease typically occur in cattle?

A

3-5y of age

(neonatal infection)

69
Q

what is the primary transmission of Johne’s disease

A

faeco-oral

(calf infected from dirty teats, contaminated milk, etc)

70
Q

where does Johne’s disease localise after ingestion?

A

gut

71
Q

what type of cell takes up MAP (Johne’s disease pathogen) intracellularly where it can remain latent for years until a stress event?

A

macrophages

72
Q

what is the post-mortem pathology of Johne’s disease

A

chronic granulomatous enteritis

(thickening of intestinal wall, enlarged LNs)

73
Q

what condition (clinical signs) does the clinical pathology of Johne’s disease result in

A

protein-losing enteropathy with subsequent hypoalbuminaemia

(weight loss, diarrhoea, oedema, bright demeanour and good appetite)

74
Q

name the 4 main risk areas of Johne’s disease spread on farm

A
  1. infected adult cattle
  2. management at calving
  3. management of colostrum and milk
  4. young stock management
75
Q

name the two way approach to reduce transmission risk of Johne’s disease

A
  1. test & cull
  2. management
76
Q

what testing should be done in beef cattle herds for Johne’s disease

A

screen breeding animals > 2y

(don’t forget the bull)

77
Q

what testing should be done in dairy cattle herds for Johne’s Disease

A

bulk milk / cull cow screen / targeted 30 cow screen

(quarterly testing)

78
Q

name the 6 strategies to control Johne’s disease within dairy herds outlined in the National Johne’s Management Plan (NJMP)

A
  1. biosecurity protect and monitor
  2. improved farm management
  3. strategic testing
  4. test and cull
  5. breed to terminal sire
  6. firebreak vaccination
79
Q

this should outline the disease status of the farm identifying the key challenges and areas of risk;
provides a framework for disease prevention strategies, such as vaccination, outlines how existing issues are to be tackled and measured, and monitors animal health and productivity

A

herd health plan

80
Q

name the CHeCS 5 steps to controlling or eliminating disease

A
  1. establish herd disease health status
  2. decide if you want to prevent, manage or eradicate disease
  3. implement a protocol that will help achieve your goal
  4. monitor progress
  5. reassess disease status
81
Q

name the 2 distinct forms (biotypes) of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV)

A
  1. cytopathic form (cpBVD)
  2. non-cytopathic form (ncpBVD)
82
Q

what are most losses from BVDV associated with

A

loss of production

83
Q

what is the main source of BVDV?

A

viraemic cattle

(usually exposed to a PI or transiently infected animal)

84
Q

when must a calf be infected by BVDV in order to become persistently infected

A

in-utero prior to immunocompetence (<110 days)

85
Q

what disease might a calf persistently infected with BVDV eventually succumb to

A

Mucosal Disease (MD)

86
Q

what clinical signs might a calf have if the Dam is infected with BVDV between 90-150 days of gestation?

A

congenital defects
(cerebellar hypoplasia, blindness, ataxia)

87
Q

what is the treatment for acute BVD (transient infection)

A

symptomatic supportive treatment for secondary disease;
should recover

88
Q

what is the treatment for persistently infected (PI) cattle with BVD

A

cull

89
Q

what is the treatment for a PI BVD cow with mucosal disease

A

cull (no effective treatment)

90
Q

name 2 vaccine options for BVD

A
  1. Bovela (modified live)
  2. Bovillis (inactivated)

Y4 Farm Animal (2 decks)

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