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Y4 Farm Animal > glub glub > Flashcards

glub glub Flashcards

FS01-03

1
Q

are fish covered by the UK’s veterinary surgeons act (VSA)?

A

no

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2
Q

are fish covered by UK medicines law?

A

yes

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3
Q

name 2 things that can hamper the ability of making a diagnosis in an aquaculture case

A
  1. inability to directly observe stock
  2. relatively limited range of clinical signs displayed
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4
Q

why are dead fish of limited value in diagnosis in an aquaculture case?

A

due to rapid decomposition

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5
Q

name 4 ways to lessen the stress on fish

A
  1. minimise handling
  2. increase oxygenation
  3. reduce effects of temperature
  4. decrease feeding
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6
Q

name the 8 PM samples you should take from a fish

A
  1. gills
  2. skin & muscle
  3. kidney
  4. spleen
  5. liver
  6. heart
  7. stomach & gut
  8. brain
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7
Q

PM samples for what diagnostic test are now standard for fish?

A

PCR

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8
Q

name 3 routes of treatment for fish

A
  1. injection
  2. in water (bath or dip)
  3. in feed
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9
Q

in freshwater fish, when are sedatives and anaesthetics principally used?

A

during vaccination process

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10
Q

on marine farms, when are sedatives and anaesthetics principally used?

A

during smpling

(eg lice counting)

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11
Q

what is fish metabolism dependent on?

A

temperature

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12
Q

what is the equation for a Degree day (°D) for fish?

A

°D = temp in °C x number of days

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13
Q

how long will it take for a drug with a withdrawal period of 500 degree-days at 10°C until the fish is safe to harvest?

A

50 days

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14
Q

does water hold more or less oxygen than air?

A

less

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15
Q

which temperature of water holds more oxygen?
warm or cold?

A

cold

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16
Q

what is the principal respiratory organ of a teleost?

A

gills

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17
Q

what is fish skin formed of and covered by?

A

formed of living cells
covered by a variable mucus layer

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18
Q

what is fish skin more like in terms of mammalians?

A

gut epithelium

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19
Q

cells in here can migrate to cover wounds in fish

A

hypodermis

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20
Q

what layer are scales embedded within in fish?

A

dermis (lower layer)

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21
Q

what does scale loss indicate in fish?

A

significant skin damage

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22
Q

what is the most common type of white blood cell in fish?

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

name the white blood cell found in fish

sequester foreign material;
involved in encapsulation

A

melanomacrophages

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24
Q

is acute inflammation more or less dramatic in teleost fish compared to endotherms

A

less dramatic

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25
Q

this is a frequent finding in bacterial infections in fish

A

septicaemia

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26
Q

name 2 common responses of fish to insult

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. hypertrophy
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27
Q

what is the generally accepted level of dissolved oxygen (DO) for salmon?

A

above 7 mg/L

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28
Q

this is the principal freshwater problem;
classified as oomycetes: fungus-like water moulds;
often affects maturing broodstock, their eggs and alevin

A

Saprolegnia spp.

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29
Q

name 3 parts of controlling fungal & associated pathogens in fish systems

A
  1. good hygiene
  2. water management
  3. careful husbandry
30
Q

this is the only UK-authorised medicine for fish against fungal & accociated pathogens but may not be effective alone

A

Pyceze (active ingredient: bronopol)

31
Q

name 3 treatments for fish against fungal & associated pathogens

A
  1. Pyceze (bronopol)
  2. formaldehyde
  3. salt
32
Q

what are the 2 outcomes of principal bacterial syndromes in fish

A
  1. ulcerative skin diseases
  2. septicaemias
33
Q

swabs from where in the moribund fish are most useful for diagnosis in septicaemias

A

the kidney

34
Q

what is the most common way to give antibiotics to fish

A

in-feed

35
Q

how are antibiotics typically given to high-value individual fish?

A

injection

36
Q

name 2 UK authorised antibiotics for fish

A
  1. aquatet (oxytetracycline)
  2. florocol (florfenicol)

vetremox (amoxicillin) no longer made

37
Q

this is a major production-limiting disease in the developing stage of European salmon farming;
bacterial septicaemia;
significant AMR issue

A

furunculosis

38
Q

which bacteria causes furunculosis (bacterial septicaemia) in salmon?

A

Aeromonas salmonicida

39
Q

this is the first choice treatment for Enteric Redmouth (Yersinia ruckerii) in fish even though it is now in category B - “restrict”

A

oxolinic acid

40
Q

what are almost all smolts vaccinated against before sea transfer?

A

Furunculosis

41
Q

what are most smolts vaccinated against before sea transfer?

A

viral diseases IPN and PD

42
Q

how are the majority of effective vaccines for fish given?

A

injected intraperitoneally

43
Q

how is the newest PD vaccine for fish given?
the first EU-authorised DNA vaccine

A

injected IM

44
Q

what disease can be triggered in fish from giving vaccines?

A

Saprolegniasis

45
Q

name 2 secondary infections that can be common in immunocompromised fish

A
  1. furunculosis
  2. piscirickettsiosis
46
Q

name 2 signs of viral disease in fish

A
  1. decreased activity (less jumping)
  2. increased mortalities
47
Q

name the Scottish viral challenge in fish

endemic in scotlans, ireland & parts of Norway;
can cause complete loss (necrosis) of pancreas and/or damage to heart and skeletal muscle (myopathies);
often associated with secondary lice infestation

A

Pancreas Disease (PD)

48
Q

name 3 ways pancreas disease (PD) presents in fish

A
  1. sudden death
  2. periods of inappetance
  3. chronic ill-thrift
49
Q

name the virus causing pancreas disease (PD) in fish

A

Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV)

50
Q

name the virus causing heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in fish

A

Piscine Reovirus (PRV)

51
Q

name the virus causing cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in fish

A

Piscine Myocarditis Virus (PMCV)

52
Q

name the Scottish viral challenge in fish

first recorded in Norway in 1984;
notifiable disease in the EU;
first notified in scotland in 1998;
control involves slaughter, with NO financial compensation;
virus is mutable:
CS: lethargy, loss of appetite, gasping at water surface, pale gills, dark liver, accumulation of fluid in body cavity, haemorrhage in internal organs

A

infectious salmon anaemia (ISA)

53
Q

there is a wide range of these parasites affecting gills, skin and fins;
incidence decreases in more contained systems;
diagnosed via wet scrapes direct to microscope slide;
cause irritation, general morbidity

A

protozoan parasites

54
Q

name 2 medical baths that can be used to treat fresh water pathogens

A
  1. bronopol (Pyceze, Cress)
  2. formaldehyde (Aquacen)
55
Q

name 3 “traditional bath treatments” that can be used to treat fresh water pathogens in fish

A
  1. benzalkonium chloride
  2. Chloramine T
  3. common salt
56
Q

name two species of sea lice that have been and continue to be a major problem in Salmon aquaculture;
can cause extreme damage to fish

A
  1. Lepeoptheierus salmonis (“Leps”)
  2. Caligus elongatus
57
Q

if the average number of adult female Leps (sea lice) per fish per site is more than this number, then there must be action to bring it to <2 within 4wks

A

more than 6

58
Q

the SalScot Code of Good Practice states that the average number of adult female Leps (sea lice) per fish per site should be les than this number from 1Feb-30 June

A

less than 0.5

59
Q

the SalScot Code of Good Practice states that the average number of adult female Leps (sea lice) per fish per site should be les than this number from 1 July-31 Jan

A

less than 1.0

60
Q

name 4 bath treatments that can be used to treat sea lice

A
  1. deltamethrin (AMX)
  2. azamethiphos (Salmosan Vet)
  3. hydrogen peroxide (Paramove or Asperix)
  4. freshwater
61
Q

what in-feed medication can be used to treat sea lice?

A

emamectin (Slice)

62
Q

name 4 reasons enclosed spaces can represent a challenging environment and creat issues with bath treatments

A
  1. potential for faecal contamination
  2. control of dissolved gases and pH
  3. physical damage
  4. complications from intercurrent disease
63
Q

name 2 basic principles for physical treatment of sea lice
(require fish to be pumped from pens through a physical system which removes and collects lice)

A
  1. water jets (Hydrolicer)
  2. warm water (Thermolicer)
64
Q

name 4 challenges of using Cleaner Fish to control sea lice on salmon farms

A
  1. polyculture
  2. nutrition
  3. environment
  4. pathogens
65
Q

what is the minimum withdrawal for drugs used through the Cascade for fish?

A

500 degree-days

66
Q

what is the aetiological agent causing Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) in fish?

A

(Neo)Paramoeba perurans

67
Q

name the fish disease

in Tasmania historically, relatively new phenomenon in European salmon aquaculture;
disease is seasonal;
presents as plaque-like lesions on the gill filaments;
fish will present with signs od resp dysfunction;
damage to gill tissue frequently causes haemorrhage and may result in anaemia in severe cases

A

Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

68
Q

name 2 routine monitoring that farmers should be carrying out for Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

A
  1. gill-scoring system
  2. PCR tests
69
Q

are there any authorised medicines for use against Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)?

A

no

70
Q

what is the treatment for Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD)

A

treatment baths
(freshwater, hydrogen peroxide)

71
Q

name 2 other health threats that gill disease may be intercurrent with

A
  1. lice infestation
  2. viral cardiac myopathies

Y4 Farm Animal (19 decks)

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