oink Flashcards
PG01-12
name 5 reasons why disease surveillance is important
- detecting antimicrobial/anthelmintic resistance
- detecting and controlling zoonotic diseases
- food safety threats
- statuatory disease reporting
- threats to international trade
name 3 types of pig units in the UK pig industry
- breeding units
- breeder-finisher units
- grower/finisher units
name the type of pig unit in the UK
bred usuing boars or AI;
sell weaned piglets at ~4wks old;
may buy in replacement gilts
breeding units
name the type of pig unit in the UK
grow pigs through to slaughter weight
breeder-finisher unit
name the type of pig unit in the UK
buy weaned/grower pigs and grow to slaughter weight;
sometimes “bed and breakfast pigs”
grower/finisher units
at what age/weight are pigs weaned?
28d or >7kg
at what age/weight are pigs finished at?
5-6mo & between 100-120kg
at what age/weight are grower pigs moved to the finishing unit
12wks & 30kg
name the type of pig unit
commonplace to have pigs owned by a company;
farmer provides bedding, labour, machinery, water;
company provides pigs, feed, vet care, medicines, transport;
regular income stream for farmers and make use of empty sheds;
company may produce their own feed as well as the pigs
contract rearing
(bed and breakfast)
name 4 reasons for pig visits by vets
- farm assurance
- disease investigation
- export certification
- sick individual or routine procedures (smallholder)
how often do farm assurance schemes for pig farms require a vet visit?
4 times a year
(quarterly)
name 4 things that premises must have in order to keep pigs
- premises need to have a CPH
- must abide by transport regulations
- movements require license
- identification (ear tags fro breeding animals, slap mark for finishing pigs)
what type of identification must breeding pigs have?
ear tag
what type of identification must finishing pigs have?
slap mark
what must be done in order to be allowed to dock tails and reduce teeth in piglets
farmer must record incidence of tail biting;
vet must review and sign off the justification
list the five freedoms outlined in the Animal Welfare Act of 2006
- freedom from hunger and thirst
- freedom from discomfort
- freedom from pain, injury & disease
- expression of normal behaviours
- freedom from fear and distress
what type of diet are pigs usually fed?
complete dry pelleted ration
what is the daily water requirement for finishing pigs <100kg
5-6 L
what is the daily water requirement for sows and gilts in lactation?
15-30 L
name the type of indoor housing for pigs
concrete or plastic;
lower daily labour input;
generally higher stocking density;
high feed conversion efficiency;
slurry separated off;
allows more temp control;
requires pigs to move sheds as they grow - different width for diff ages
slatted yards
what type of toxicity is a risk with slatted yards due to the slurry being separated off
H2S + NH3 toxicity
name the type of indoor housing for pigs
generally more space per pig;
public perception better;
sheds can have multi-purpose use;
higher production cost - expensive;
higher labour input - requires daily bedding
straw yards
name the type of housing for pigs
lower incidence of resp disease;
good public perception;
lower running costs;
least efficient in terms of production;
stuggle in wet weather, separation from wildlife difficult
outdoor units
what is the target temp range for sows
15-20 °C
what is the target temperature for weaned pigs (3-4wks)
27-32°C
what type of ventilation do slatted yards for pigs generally have?
mechanical ventilation
what type of ventilation do straw yards for pigs generally have?
natural ventilation
name 3 reasons sows are kept in farrowing crates
- prevent sow lying on pigs
- ensure staff safety during handling
- reduce neonatal losses
name 6 parts of the environment that should be assessed during your farm walk at a pig unit
- ventilation
- temperature
- flooring
- feed/water
- enrichment
- stocking density
name 7 things that should be assessed in the farrowing house during your farm walk at a pig unit
- sow condition
- litter numbers and size variation
- neonatal scour
- lameness
- mastitis/agalactia
- neonatal mortality
- stillbirths/abortions
name 8 things that should be assessed in the weaner/grower housing during your farm walk at a pig unit
- resp disease
- scour
- lameness
- meningitis
- mortality
- vices
- size variation/poor growth
- physical defects
name 9 things that should be assessed in the finisher housing during your farm walk at a pig unit
- resp disease
- scour
- lameness
- meningitis
- mortality
- size variation/poor growth
- physical defects
- aggression
name 5 possible causes of tail biting in pigs (can be multifactorial)
- high stocking density
- thermal discomfort
- poor air quality
- lack of enrichment
- diet (vit E deficiency/high fat)
what is the most reliable way to reduce tail biting in pigs
tail docking
name 5 records that should be kept on a pig unit
- production records
- health records
- lab reports
- abattoir reports
- medicine book
name 4 possible methods for the euthanasia of pigs depending on the size
- percussive device/blow
- penetrating captive bolt
- firearm
- lethal injection
what size pig can euthanasia by percussive blow be used?
< 5kg
where should the penetrative captive bolt be aimed for pigs?
midline, 20mm above eye level, aim towards tail
what size pig is a shotgun a suitable method for euthanasia?
greater than 100kg
what size pigs is a .22 rifle a suitable method of euthanasia for?
only < 100kg
how should a pig <10kg be held for a lethal injection
upside down
what type of needls must be used for injections in pigs
detectable needles
(not standard plastic hub)
how to collect oral fluids from pigs?
leave rope kit with pigs for 30 min then squeeze fluid into sterile container
name 3 reasons for castrating a pig
- prevent “boar taint” of pork
- prevent breeding
- reduce aggressive behaviours
name 3 requirements when castrating pigs >7d old
- local anaesthetic
- prolonged analgesia
- only by a vet surgeon
name an alternative to surgery for castrating pigs
immunocastration vaccine (Improvac)
(GnRH vaccine)
what type of sedation can be given to older piglets for castration
ketamine + xylazine
what local anaesthetic should be given intratesticular for piglet castration
procaine
what type of anaesthesia should be given when performing a vasectomy on a pig
heavy sedation + epidural
(or full GA)
name 3 reasons for tusk trimming in pigs
- safety & reduce injury risk
- aberrant growth into face
- interference with eating
is analgesia required for tusk trimming in pigs?
no
what is the most common cause of dystocia in pigs
(though dystocia is uncommon)
uterine inertia
what percent of the cost of production is diet for pigs?
60%
this is the efficiency of convertin feet into body mass;
feed eaten / animal weight gain;
low figure is desirable - efficient;
requires good data recording
food conversion ratio (FCR)
name the disease of pigs
increased FCR - reduced breakdown and absorption of nutrients, immune response uses energy;
reduced performance and profitability;
is multifactorial - health and management;
may or may not be diarrhoea;
reduced growth, longer to finish
enteric disease
this is the largest immune structure in the body with both innae and acquired immunity
the mucosa
(skin, resp tract, intestine)
what 3 types of nutrients are digested in the healthy intestine
- starch
- protein
- fat
name 4 minerals that are absorbed in the intestine
- Na
- Cl
- K
- HCO3
name 3 effects of villi damage in the intestine
- reduced digestion and absorption of nutrients
- incr osmotic pressure in the lumen (water drawn into lumen)
- reduced performance, possibly diarrhoea, incr FCR
how much colostrum should the piglet get in the first 6h
200 mL/kg
what type of infection causing scour are pigs more prone to?
E. coli
name 6 ways to minimise weaning stress
- aim for even litters
- good farrowing room management
- all in/all out systems
- group piglets to size
- weaning room clean and warm and dry
- high quality weaning ration
name the cause of neonatal scour in piglets
adhere to mucosa via fimbrial adhesions (K88, K99, 987P, F41, F18);
colonise small intestine and produce enterotoxins - heat labile toxin (LT);
faecal-oral route of transmission;
profuse watery diarrhoea leading to acute dehydration and metabolic acidosis leading to depression and death
E. coli
(enterotoxigenic E. coli - ETEC)
how to definitely diagnose E.coli as cause of neonatal scour in piglets
histopath showin coliform attachment to SI villi
(PM non-specific)
name 3 ways to treat a piglet for neonatal scour caused by E. coli
- provide electrolytes
- oral abx
- biocontainment to avoid spread
how to prevent neonatal scour caused by E. coli infection?
sow vaccination (ColiClos)
name the cause of neonatal scour in piglets
serotypes A, B, C, D affect pigs;
replicate in the cytoplasm of differentiated SI epithelieal cells and destroy them;
SI villous atrophy leading to severe enteritis;
faecal-oral route of transmission;
mild diarrhoea and dehydration to severe acute diarrhoea and death;
pale pasty faeces;
5-14d, younger = more severe
rotavirus
name 2 ways to diagnose rotavirus as cause of neonatal scour in piglets
- PCR assay on faeces
- histopathology to demonstrate viral enteropathy
how to prevent rotavirus infection in piglets?
sow vaccination (Rokovac Neo)
name the cause of neonatal scour in piglets
Isospora suis - ubiquitous on pig farms;
affects ypung piglets from 5d old;
penetrate enterocytes, multiplies and damages enterocytes;
environmental contamination from sows;
oocysts very resistant to disinfection;
pasty scour - yellow/grey;
will see thin piglets and variation w/in litter;
high morbidity
coccidiosis
can coccidiosis be diagnosed when pigs are first infected?
no, coccidial stages still intracellular
how to treat coccidiosis in neonate pigs
oral dose with Toltrazuril
name the cause of neonatal scour in piglets
attaches to brush border of SI, multiplies and damages the enterocytes;
watery diarrhoea from 7d of age;
ZOONOSIS;
no treatment;
confirm oocysts post infection with histopathology
Cryptosporidium parvum
name the cause of neonatal scour in piglets
type C;
attaches to enterocytes of ileum and secretes beta-toxin;
causes intestinal damage and toxaemia;
piglets <7d old;
fatal necrotic enteritis;
high morbidity;
bloody diarrhoea
Clostridium perfringens
what is the conclusive way to diagnose Clostridium perfringens as cause of neonate diarrhoea
analysis of gut contents for beta-toxin
how to prevent Clostridium perfringens infections in piglets?
sow vaccination (ColiClos)
name the cause of post-weaning scour in piglets
adheres to enterocytes;
colonise small intestine and produce enterotoxins - heat labile toxin (LT) - act on mucosa - stimulate hypersecretion of mucus and electrolytes - diarrhoea and dehydration;
watery diarrhoea, severity varies, metabolic acidosis, sudden death
E. coli
what is the PM sign of E. coli in post-weaned pigs
congested SI with yellow/watery contents
how to prevent E. coli infections/scour in post-weaned piglets
add zinc oxide to weaner rations
name the disease of post-weaning piglets
Lawsonia Intracellularis - gram neg intracellular bacteria;
colonises epithelial cells in distal small and proximal large intestine;
impedes maturation of the epithelial cells, they proliferate and lead to hyperplastic crypts;
pigs develop local mucosal immunity and lesions resolve after 4-6wks;
infected pigs can shed for up to 10wks post-infection;
diarrhoea can be bloody
Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE)
what is the treatment for porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE)?
oral antibiotic treatment
how to prevent porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) in post-weaning piglets?
oral live attenuated vaccine
or
intradermal inactivated vaccine
name the disease of post-weaning piglets
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae;
large intestine - multiplies in crypts, invades goblet cells, leads to goblet cell hyperplasia and disruption of enterocyte differentiation - Typhlocollitis;
can be brought to farm by visitors;
diarrhoea - mucus and blood - 5d post-infection
swine dysentery
what is the treatment for swine dysentery in post-weaning piglets
oral abx - Tiamulin, Linospectin
(no vaccine)
name the disease of post-weaning piglets
spirochaetal diarrhoea;
brachyspira pilosicoli;
similar to swine dysentery but less severe
common in UK herds;
porcine colonic spirochaetosis
name the disease of post-weaning piglets
fimbrae and flagella attach to enterocytes in SI;
replicates in SI - acute inflammation distal ileum and colon, can lead to necrotic enteritis;
most common from weaning to 4mo;
survives in environment and carrier animals;
usually subclinical, poor doing pigs;
watery and yellow diarrhoea;
mild enteritis to necrotic enteritis, mesenteric LNs enlarged
salmonellosis
how to prevent salmonellosis in post-weaning piglets?
Salmoporc vaccine (oral or inkection)
name the disease of post-weaning piglets
large roundworms in SI, 25-40cm long;
eggs - L3 - swallowed - cross to portal circulation - migrate to liver - circulation to lungs - coughed up and swallowed - develop to adults ;
7wk cycle
Ascaris suum
this is a respiratory disease in pigs caused by multiple infectious agents - bacterial, viral and parasitic
Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC)
name 4 costs associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC)
- incr. FCR
- incr. mortality
- incr. medicine use
- incr. labour to manage
this is the physical barrier of the respiratory defence system;
first line of defence;
mucus layer and epithelial layer with cilia, microbiome (as per intestine and skin);
removes 90% of micro-organisms that penetrate the airways - mechanical action
muco-cilliary apparatus
affects air quality;
from slurry (NH3) or breathing (CO2)
gasses
name the gas
in most housed livestock systems from breakdown of faeces/urine;
ciliotoxic & breaks down mucus - hence disables the muco-ciliary apparatus - allows large particles to enter the lower resp tract;
when combined with water: corrosive and ittitating, toxic, supperesses cough reflex, paralyses cilia
NH3
name the affect on air quality
inherent in intensive systems;
can cause primary issues by clogging up the muco-ciliary apparatus and allowing smaller particles to penetrate deeper into airways;
can cause secondary issues as a pathogen carrier
dust
this is key in an indoor intensive system - usually fully closed, complicated with an integrated slurry system;
air exchange must deliver fresh air to all animals and remove gas/pathogens
ventilation
name the porcine respiratory pathogen
carrier sows;
colonises nasal passages of suckling pigs;
produces toxins causing mild turbinate atrophy;
can affect cranial lung - pneumonia;
CS: sneezing from 7d old, coughing, rhinitis makes suckling difficult so they drink less, epistaxis, reduced DLWG, poor weaning weights
Bordatella bronchiseptica
name 2 pathologies seen with pigs infected by Bordatella bronchiseptica
- catarrhal rhinitis
- bronchopneumonia
what is the treatment/prevention for Bordatella bronchiseptica in pigs?
- antibiotics (sensitive to most)
- sow vaccine to boost MDA
name the porcine respiratory disease
toxigenix pasturella multocida type D;
strains with ToxA gene - destroys osteoblasts and increases osteoclastic activity;
severe bacterial rhinitis with permanent turbinate atrophy;
CS: sneezing in piglets with epistaxis, blockage of lacrimal duct - tear staining, deviation and/or shortening of the snout, reduced growth rates and incr pneumonia
Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis (PAR)
how to diagnose Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis (PAR)
- clinical signs
- PM and snout scoring
- PCR test for Tox A gene, or toxin ELISA test
name the porcine respiratory disease
highly contagious, severe clinical signs and can be fatal;
aerosol spread from infected or carrier pigs;
14 known serotypes;
bacteria colonise resp tract (esp caudal lungs), toxins are produced (congestion, oedema, necrosis and vascular thrombosis), inflamm and fibrinexudate seen on pleural surface and interlobular septae
Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP)
based on the clinical signs of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP), what type of outbreak?
widespread depression, anorexia, high temps, lethargy, respiratory distress
acute outbreak
based on the clinical signs of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP), what type of outbreak?
poor performance, lethargy, respiratory signs
chronic outbreak
name 2 PM signs of Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP) in pigs
- pleuropneumonia
- multifocal raised haemorrhagic lesions
name the porcine respiratory disease
can cause lameness and/or pneumonia - but generally incidental;
very widespread;
MDA protection for piglets;
most infections subclinicals;
concurrent infection may exacerbate;
may be significant in EP-like lesions in the lung
Mycoplasma Hyorhinis (MHr)
worldwide significant respiratory disease of pigs;
disease of growing pigs - coughing, uneven growth, poor FCR;
concurrent infection with viral diseases & Pasturella exacerbates clinical disease;
aerosol spread for up to 5km;
organism attaches to surface of resp tract and multiplies, damages cilia and thus interferes with MC Apparatus, inflammation results with clumping/loss of cilia - leads to bronchopneumonia
Mycoplasma Hypopneumoniae - EP (enzootic pneumonia)
what is the prevention for Mycoplasma Hypopneumoniae - EP in pigs?
BIOSECURITY
name the porcine respiratory disease
at least 14 serovars worldwide;
aerosol and direct contact from infected/carrier pigs;
small infective dose - generally very virulent;
septicaemia leading to polyserositis and pneumonia, sometimes meningitis;
CS: febrile, anorexic, pneumonia, lameness, recumbency, death - maybe red blotchy skin and cyanosis
Glassers disease
Glasseralla (Haemophilus) Parasuis
acute, subacute, or chronic Glassers Disease?
fibrinous polyserositis, pneumonia, joint fluid fibrinous
acute
acute, subacute, or chronic Glassers Disease?
marked fibrinous pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis
subacute
acute, subacute, or chronic Glassers Disease?
fibrous adhesions in body cavities esp pericardium, cardiac insufficiency, chronic arthritis
chronic
most important production disease in pigsw worldwide;
enveloped RNA virus that mutates frequently - many strains present;
wide variation seen in clinical disease in the field due to mutations and different virulence;
type 1- European genotype, type 2- US genotype;
virus replicates in macrophages, primary site is lungs;
major effect on immune system
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear)
how long can infected animals shed the virus for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear) for?
over 100d
name 3 ways to inactivate the virus causing Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear)
- heat
- drying
- low pH
name 3 main causes of herd breakdown due to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear)
- introduction of infected pigs
- contaminated semen
- contaminated fomites
name 5 clinical signs of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear) in suckling pigs
- severe dyspnoea
- febrile
- lethargy
- cyanosis
- high mortality
name 4 clinical signs of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear) in grow and finish pigs
- dyspnoea
- inappetence
- lethargy
- quickly lose weight
this is a quick way of proving exposure and monitoring Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome - PRRS (Blue Ear) - antibodies present 2wks post-infection
PRRS ELISA
enveloped RNA virus;
worldwide distribution;
can cross species;
virus multiplies in bronchial epithelium leading to focal necrosis whoch progresses to local lung collapse and hyperaemia over 72h;
high fever can cause abortion and infertility ;
depression, anorexia, febrile, coughing, dyspnoea, nasal and ocular discharge ;
high morbidity, low mortality
Swine Influenza Virus (SIV)
(Influenza A virus - IAV)
how long is Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) present in acute phase?
collect tissue or nasal/ocular excretions for PCR
72h
name 3 requirements for pigs to sustain gestation
- correct hormonal balance (high progesterone)
- strong immune suppression at implantation level
- local cytokine and growth factor cross-talk
are the majority of factors affecting pig reproduction infectious or non-infectious?
non-infectious
name 4 main categories of non-infectious factors affecting reproduction in pigs
- environmental
- management
- nutritional
- age
what is the legal minimum duration of light per day for pigs?
8h
how many hours of light should a pig have per day to maintain (early) pregnancy?
12-16h
how much light should gilts have each day?
helps them reach puberty earlier, are a lighter body weight at puberty, more sexually active;
no difference in ovulation rate
14-18h
how much backfat should the sow have at service and farrowing?
14-16mm
what 4 things should pigs be fed for?
- growth and body condition
- follicle development
- placental development
- foetal growth
what age of pig should have the best fertility?
maiden gilts
(sows are coming into heat after lactation)
name 3 characteristics of gilts heat that make it challenging to service them
- shorter
- more irregular
- more difficult to spot
name 6 causes of anoestrus in sows
- pregnancy
- ONO (oestrus not observed)
- unknown irregular oestrus cycles
- congenital abnormalities
- intersexuality
- management
if no pregnancy, the uterus of the sow secretes what hormone?
prostaglandin (PGF2alpha)
giving the sow nose-nose contact with a boar during AI will have what 2 effects?
- incr heat signs
- incr. uterine contractions
name the type of still-birth
pre-partum deaths;
infectious diseases (eg PRRS, PPV)
type 1
name the type of still-birth
intra-partum deaths (during parturition);
duration of farrowing/dystocia/anoxia;
early/late farrowing;
high parity sow;
high temp
type 2
name the group of reproductive infections in pigs
ubiquitous microorganisms that occur as common commensals;
Arcanobacterium pyogenes, E. coli, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus
group 1
name the group of reproductive infections in pigs
contagious microorganisms which are present in a high proportion of pig herds;
PRRS, porcine parvovirus (PPV), Leptospira Bratislava, SIV PCV2, Enteroviruses
group 2
name the group of reproductive infections in pigs
infections associated with severe reproductive disease which are uncommon or absent from the UK
group 3
name 2 common clinical signs of group 1 reproductive infections in pigs
- vaginal discharge after service
- postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS)
how many days post-service would vaginal discharge be a concern for infection
10-20 days post service
(<7 not significant)
name the group 1 reproductive syndrome in pigs
formerly known as MMA, pluerperal or E. coli mastitis…
mastitis is often main sign;
numerous multifactorial aetiologies;
coliform mastitis
Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS)
name 3 treatments for Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS) in sows
- antimicrobials
- NSAIDs
- oxytocin
name 3 treatments for piglets who’s sow is affected by Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS)
- care
- colostrum
- cross-fostering
how to prevent Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS)?
hygiene!
what will the gross appearance of the foetus be if viral in utero infection at 6d gestation?
degenerated
what will the gross appearance of the foetus be if viral in utero infection at 57d?
mummified
what will the gross appearance of the foetus be if viral in utero infection at 75d?
stillborn/autolysed
what will the gross appearance of the foetus be if viral in utero infection at 92d?
normal
name the viral reproductive disease of pigs
globally most economic relevant production disease;
breeding herd: reproductive problems, growing-finishing herd: resp problems/immunesystem;
abortions, incr mummies, early farrowing, weak piglets, high pre-weaning mortality, poor performance after weaning
PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
name the 5 possible routes of PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome) virus shedding
- nasal secretions
- mammary secretions
- urine
- semen
- faeces
name the viral reproductive disease of pigs
everywhere, not major issue in UK due to vaccination;
SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility);
increased return to service;
small litters;
kills foetus up to 70d;
>70d: placentitis and endothelial damage
PPV (porcine parvo virus)
name the bacterial reproductive disease in pigs
worldwide distribution;
sporadic problem in herds;
most common in outdoor herds (vectors);
abortion mainly in last trimester;
stillbirths, weak piglets born, reduced piglet viability;
infertility with returns to oestrus if infected in early gestation;
localisation in renal tubules (shed in urine)
porcine leptospirosis
name 5 broad differential diagnoses for lameness in pigs
- trauma
- nutritional
- degenerative
- infectious causes
- spinal problems
name the 3 minerals/substances which can cause metabolic bone disease in pigs if inadequate levels in diet
- Ca
- P
- vit D
this is reduced bone mass (excess resporption of bone): fracture easily and lameness
osteoporosis
name the type of defective mineralisation of bone
this is abnormal endochondral ossification in growing pigs;
growing bones: weak bones, bend and fracture easilty: lameness
rickets
name the type of defective mineralisation of bone
abnormal bone remodelling in late finishing/adults;
mature bones: weak bones, bend and fracture easily: lameness
osteomalacia
name the cause of lameness in pigs
lameness, leg weakness: high wastage of gilts (finisher diets);
cause unknown;
factors: genetic susceptibility, high growth rates, housing/flooring, lack of exercise;
growth plates that close last are most susceptible;
cartilage flaps, slough, ulcerated lesions;
synovial membranes inflamed and serosanguineous joint fluid
degenerative joint disease: osteochondrosis
name the cause of lameness in pigs
young piglets;
opportunistic infection from the environment with: strep, staph, e. coli;
settling out in joints & other locations;
bacteria gain access through navel, abrasions, wounds, badly clipped teeth, castration wounds;
if severe: loss of body condition due to starvation
joint ill
name the cause of lameness in pigs
commensal of the tonsils, nasal cavity, and conducting airway;
infection leads to septicaemia, goes to joints and causes arthritis;
growing-finishing age pigs;
acute lameness on one or more limbs;
Tx: lincomycin, chlortetracycline, tiamulin and enrofloxacin
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
name the cause of lameness in pigs
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae;
common in pig environments;
carried in tonsils (reservoirs), shed in secretions and excretions;
immunity develops (effective vaccines);
occupational ZOONOSIS: granulomatous swellings;
septicaemia, febrile, deaths, abortions, acute synovitis, skin lesions (typical diamond shaped haemorrhagic lesions!), petechial haemorrhages on kidney
Swine erysipelas
what is the classical sign of acute swine erysipelas
diamond-shaped haemorrhagic skin lesions
name 4 features of chronic swine erysipelas
- necrotic skin lesions
- ear tips slough
- arthritis
- vascular endocarditis
how to treat swine erysipelas?
wide range abx (penicillin)
ex: savaging, vulva biting, ear biting, tail biting, flank chewing bullying;
not JUST caused by boredom!
if animals are uncomfortable, they get irritated and display these behaviours
vices
name the vices seen in pigs
sporadic gilt problem;
a harsh or alien environment/individual crate;
nutritional deficiencies? related to temperament/genetics? breed related? stockperson?
savaging
name the vices seen in pigs
primary: takes place where the previously undamaged tail is injured by aggressive or frustrated pen mates;
secondary: because of the presence of necrosis is maybe even more prevalent than primary
tail biting
another influence factor associated with tail biting;
swelling, reddening and exudation on the tail, sometimes with demarcation and tail tip loss;
appearance of necrotic tissue on ears and tails;
can be corrected by adjusting protein and fibre content in the grower and feeder rations;
systemic metabolism problem
swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome (SINS)
name 6 factors that play a role in pigs expressing vices
- feeding
- environment
- climate
- health
- animal factors
- boredom
name the systemic infection of pigs
many serotypes;
type 2: meningitis;
type 1, 9 and 14: polyserositis, joint ill, septicaemia, meningitis;
aerosol, contact spread, survives in environment/fomites for >2wks;
colonises tonsils, leads to bacteraemia, localises in susceptible tissues causing inflammation
Streptococcus suis
name the clinical outcome of Streptococcus suis infection
piglets and weaners;
febrile, swollen joint(s), lameness, depressed…
joint ill
name the clinical outcome of Streptococcus suis infection
sudden deaths, lethargy, pneumonia
speticaemia
name the clinical outcome of Streptococcus suis infection
recumbency, stiff legs, paddling, febrile, distress
meningitis
how to treat Strepticoccus suis infections?
penicillin (individual sick pigs)
name the systemic infection of pigs
exudative epidermitis: Staph hyicus;
common, spreads rapidly;
can be very extensive, fatal;
contact infection, trauma, environmental irritation;
CS: inflammation, fibrin, scabs, ‘greasy’ feel - multifocal lesions, spread, coalesce - non-pruritic
greasy pig disease
how to treat greasy pig disease?
penicillin
NSAIDs for severe cases
what 3 things can move down the pig breeding company pyramid?
- pigs
- semen
- people
what 2 things canNOT move up the pig breeding company pyramid?
- pigs
- people
(semen/embryo CAN)
name the type of high health herd on the pig breeding pyramid
founder of the pyramid - genetics move down as semen and live pigs;
enormous potential for disease dissemination;
biosecurity is essential;
regular disease monitoring is essential
HH nucleus herd
name the biosecurity feature of pig farms
once a farm is seen as this then it reinforces the importance of biosecurity;
immediately allows control of who and what enters and leaves the farm;
restricts casual access - footpaths;
restricts wildlife access
ring fenced
name 3 important requirements for pig farm visitors on high biosecurity farms
- 72h pig clean
- shower in/shower out
- PPE provided
what is the ideal day of the week for a high health pig farm visit for a specialist pig practice?
monday
what is the difference in pigs/sow/year between the top and bottom pig farms
10 pigs/sow/year
name the 5 positions making up the farm team for a pig farm
- farm owner
- farm manager and staff
- geneticist
- nutritionist
- vet
name 3 major costs of chronic disease on a pig farm
- reduced DLWG, inr FCR, less output
- incr meds & vaccines for sows
- incr vaccines for piglets (extra labour & cost)
this is the most effective way to medicate pigs - can quickly target a specific room/rooms;
requires a setup to allow delivery into the system;
requires cleansing of water lines to remove biofilm which can reduce abx effectiveness
water medication
this is the system that can be used to add medication to water for treating pigs
Dosatron system
this is required in order to use feed medication for pigs
script from farm vet
(stating condition being treated and concentration of meds to be used)
how long is a room left empty to allow cleaning and disinfectant after moving a group a pigs?
a week
name 4 uses of vaccines in pig production
- adult stock to protect against spec diseases
- sows to confer maternal immunity via colostrum
- weaners to protect against endemic diseases on farm
- HH gilts going to a commercial farm
what temp should vaccines be kept at on a pig farm?
2-8°C
name 3 diseases sows are vaccinated against in order to protect in-utero piglets
- parvovirus
- leptospirosis
- PRRS
name 3 diseases sows are vaccinated against in order to prime colostrum and offer specific antibodies to piglets
- E coli
- rotavirus
- clostridium perfringens
name 4 diseases adult pigs are vaccinated against in order to protect the sow/gilt/boar
- erysipelas
- PRRS
- Clostridium perfringens
- PCV2
name 5 diseases piglets are commonly vaccinated against
- M Hyopneumoniae (EP)
- PCV2
- PRRS
- Lawsonia intracellularis (PPE)
- Glassers Disease (APP)
these are vaccines that are farm specific;
derived from isolated pathogens on the farm;
produced specifically for that farm;
more expensive than commercial vaccines;
Haemophilus parasuis, Pasteurella multicida, Strep suis, Trueperella pyogenes
autogenous vaccines
name the pig vaccine
currently a live vaccine - helps control clinical signs;
RNA enveloped virus that frequently mutates - can become more or less virulent;
NEVER use this live vaccine in a negative herd
PRRS vaccine
this is a strategy of disease elimination on pig farms;
aim is to replace poor performance with high performance;
return farm to highly productive unit;
period of no income;
purchase of HH gilts, C&D of buildings, upgrade buildings, labour
depopulate and repopulate
name the reproductive management for pigs
usually gilts;
improve farrowing rate and litter numbers;
gilts must be sexually mature;
guaranteed supply of pregnant gilts for each farrowing batch
synchronise breeding
name the method for synchronising gilts
used in sexually mature gilts;
one dose of 5ml per gilt per day for 18 concescutive days given orally with feed for immediate consumption;
heat 5-6d later;
aim to serve on a monday with sows
Altrenogest
name the reproductive management for pigs
wean on thurs, serve mon/tues;
good daylength - 16h;
boar exposure post weaning - once per day;
seasonal variation - late summer;
vasectomised boar
induce oestrus naturally
name the reproductive management for pigs
less often used in UK;
eCG and hCG products can be used at weaning time to tighten return to this;
prostaglandin RARELY used for this purpose (can be used to abort sows)
induce oestrus with hormones
name the reproductive management for pigs
allows batch management of farrowing;
supervision and cross fostering;
keeps batch tight - return to oestrus tight;
must know average gestation length for farm;
use prostaglandin in early am with oxytocin 24h later
induce farrowing
term used to describe when stock grow at a slower growth rate than expected, given their feed allocation
ill thrift
what does acute gastric ulceration cause in pigs?
death
what does chronic gastric ulceration in pigs cause?
slow growth
most of the risk factors associated with the development of ulcers in pigs are associasted with this
an increase in fluidity of the stomach contents
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, immunosuppression, reduced productivity (eg ADC)
aflatoxins
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
reduced food intake (contaminated grains), vomiting, immunosuppression, kidney problems
Deoxynivalenol (DON or vomatoxin)
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
leukoencephalomalacia (equine), lung oedema (swine), hepatotoxic, carcinogenic
fumonisins
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
oestrogenic
zearalone (ZON)
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
disruption of DNA and RNA synthesis, general protein synthesis disruption;
reduction in antibodies, cytokines, bloody diarrhoea, dermal and mucosal necrosis, reduced productivity, haemorrhage
T2 toxin
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic (high levels), carcinogenic (rats)
ochratoxin
name the mycotoxin causing these signs in pigs
gangrene, ear and tail necrosis in swine, CNS and GI effects, agalctia (swine)
ergot
name the infectious cause of ill-thrift in pigs
disease initially names postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS);
type 1: ubiquitous, non-pathogenic
type 2: worldwide, pathogenic;
small, non-enveloped, very stable in the environment, resistant to most disinfectants, ssDNA (stable genetics)
Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD)
what is the clinical manifestation of PCV1-SD strain
systemic disease
what is the clinical manifestation of PCV2-SI
subclinical infection
what is the clinical manifestation of PCV2-RD
reproductive disease
what is the clinical manifestation of PDNS
Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome
what is the clinical manifestation of PCV2-LD
lung disease
what is the clinical manifestation of PCV2-ED
enteric disease
name 6 things PCV2 is excreted in
- faeces
- urine
- salivia
- semen
- nasal secretions
- ocular secretions
name 2 transmission routes of PCV2
- oronasal transmission
- transplacental
name the 4 co-factors that must be present with pathogenic PCV2 strain in order to cause systemic disease
- host-dependent
- virus-dependent
- co-infections
- immune modulation
(one of the 4 must be present)
progeny of certain lines of this pig breed seem more resistant to PCVD
Pietrain boars
name 3 effects of PCV2-SD on the pig’s immune system
- lymphoid depletion
- granulomatous inflammation & histiocytic infiltration of lymphoid tissues
- lymphopaenia
what age of pigs are most affected by PCV2-SD
6-16wks
name 4 clinical signs of PCV2-SD
- wasting
- poor growth
- emaciation
- hairy
name 5 pathological lesions of PCV2-SD
- enlarged LNs (esp inguinal, mesenteric, bronchia)
- interstitial pneumonia
- interlobular oedema
- enlarged and/or multiple white foci in kidneys
- enlarged spleen (with infarcts)
this plan was designed to reduce infection pressure (PCV2 & any other infection),
improve hygiene,
& reduce stress at different production stages
Madec’s 20 point plan
name the cause of ill-thrift in pigs
affects growing pigs;
high case fatality rate;
death due to renal failure;
Ddx: CSF and ASF;
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
PDNS (Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome)
name 3 pathologies of PDNS (Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome)
- vasculitis
- glomerulonephritis
- haemorrhagic dermatitis
what will a kidney with golmerulonephritis caused by PDNS (Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome) look like?
large & pale, speckled with small haemorrhages (turkey egg)
how to prevent PCV2 in pigs?
PCV2 vaccination!!
name the pig parasite causing ill-thrift
worldwide, present in the UK;
severe infectations are generally only associated with the poorest levels of hygiene;
modest presence in herds can have a significant effect in growth and feed efficiency;
severe liver damage/intestine block: vomiting, constipation, jaundice
Ascaris suum
name 2 PM signs to diagnose Ascaris suum in pigs
- milk spots in liver
- adult worms in sm intestine
how to diagnose Ascaris suum in the live pig
eggs: standard flotation
name the pig parasite causing ill-thrift
multiply on the pig;
eggs laid in burrows,
lifecycle 14-15d;
spread by contact, survives in environment for 3wks;
very pruritic, scratching & rubbing;
skin exudation and crusting;
head shaking and sural haematomas
Sarcoptes scabei var suis
how to treat mange in pigs
Avermectins (inj/feed)
how often should boars be treated with avermectins for mange (if necessary)?
every 2-3mo
how often should gilts be treated with avermectins for mange (if necessary)?
1-2wks before first service
