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Physiology 2130 > Renal Anatomy > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the kidneys most important function?

A

Regulation of salt and water balance

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2
Q

List the 7 major kidney functions

A
  1. Regulation of ECF volume and BP
  2. Regulation of Osmolarity
  3. Maintain ion balance
  4. Maintenance of body pH
  5. Excretion of wastes
  6. Production of hormones
  7. GLuconeogenesis
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3
Q

How do the kidneys regulate ECF volume and BP?

A

If kidneys filter a lot of water back into the body, that increases EFC volume and blood pressure
-perfect urine has to be the right volume

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4
Q

How do the kidneys regulate osmolarity?

A

When you consume food, the ions that you eat are in the blood plasma and are filtered out or maintained depending on the [ion]

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5
Q

How do the kidneys maintain ion balance?

A

Through specific [ion] maintenance

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6
Q

How do the kidneys maintain boy pH?

A

Keeping the right [ion] allows for the pH to be ~7.2 which is ideal for proteins to keep their shape
-Lungs are main pH maintenance but kidneys help too

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7
Q

How do the kidneys excrete waste?

A

Through creation of urea, ammonia, creatinine

-not good for the body and are easy to filter out because they are water soluble)

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8
Q

How do kidneys produce hormones?

A 
Erythroprotein
Vitamin D ( activated within kidneys, they don't actually make it)
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9
Q

How is gluconeogenesis done in kidneys?

A

Can produce glucose from non-carb items such as fat (this is not something you want your kidneys doing all the time because it takes a while and a lot of energy)

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10
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Posteriorly to the abdomen on each side of the spine

-level of the 11th/12th rib

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11
Q

What membranes are the kidneys in between?

A

Membranes that line the abdomen and the bones and muscles of the back
-retroperitoneal

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12
Q

Are the kidneys in the abdominal cavity?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are the Major Calyces?

A

Large funnel shaped structures within the medulla that collect the processed fluid from the minor calyces

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14
Q

What is the Renal Pelvis?

A

Hallow area at the base of the Medulla where the urine collects from major and minor calyces

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15
Q

How does blood enter the kidney?

A

Through the renal artery

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16
Q

How does stuff leave the kidney?

A

Through the renal vein

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17
Q

What is the ureter?

A

Brings the urine stored in the renal pelvis to the bladder

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18
Q

What are nephrons?

A

The functional filtering unit of the kidneys and are located in the cortex and medulla

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19
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

~1 000 000

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20
Q

What 2 structures make up the nephron?

A

Renal Corpuscle and Tubule

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21
Q

What is inside the renal corpuscle?

A

Bowmans Space and The glomerulus

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22
Q

How is the Tubule divided?

A

Based on functional and structural differences

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23
Q

What is the tubule made of?

A

A single layer of epithelial cells

24
Q

Why does the tubule have functional differences?

A

Gives the nephron the ability to carefully select which items to excrete as urine

25
Q

What are the 4 functionally different parts of the tubule?

A
  1. Proximal tubule
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule
  4. Collecting Duct
26
Q

What is the purpose of the collecting duct?

A

Does something to the filtrate to make it perfect

27
Q

What are the 2 different types of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary and Cortical

28
Q

Since the amount of each nephron varies between species, what happens when you have more juxtamedullary?

A

You are able to conserve more water. Having more concentrated urine

29
Q

What are the main differences between the 2 types of nephrons?

A
  1. Location within the cortex
  2. Loop Length
  3. How blood vessels are interwoven around them
30
Q

Why is the medulla striated?

A

Due to the nephron loops and the collecting ducts

31
Q

Why is the cortex spotted?

A

Due to all the renal corpuscles being in that area

32
Q

In Humans, what is the ration between the 2 nephrons?

A

80% cortical

20% juxamedullary

33
Q

What part of the nephron filters the blood?

A

Renal corpuscle to produce the ultrafiltrate

34
Q

How does Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus physically contact?

A

Podocytes

35
Q

What is the Juxtaglomular Apparatus (JGA)?

A

When part to the ascending loop of Henle pass between the afferent and efferent arterioles

36
Q

What are Macula Densa Cells?

A

Specialized cells in the late cascading limb of the loop if Henle
-detects the filtrate composition, specifically Na and Cl

37
Q

What are podocytes?

A

Wrap around the capillaries within Bowmans space to restrict items from being filtered

38
Q

What are the Juxtamedular cells?

A

AKA Granular cells, Located beside the macula dense cells are responsible for producing and releasing the enzyme renin

39
Q

What are fenestrations and where are they located?

A

Pores between the glomerulus endothelial cells, making it leaky to basically everything except for blood

40
Q

How are the podocytes fused to the endothelial cells of the glomerulus?

A

Adhere together with with a sticky extracellular matrix called the basal lamina
-made of collagens and negatively charged glycoproteins

41
Q

What does the basal lamina mostly trap from filtering?

A

Plasma proteins

42
Q

What are slit spaces?

A

The slits between the podocytes to allow filtration

-can get bigger or smaller

43
Q

What are the 3 barriers to filtration?

A
  1. Pore size of the glomerulus
  2. Basal Lamina
  3. Size of slits between podocytes
44
Q

How much blood do kidneys receive?

A

20% of total Cardiac output

45
Q

Why do kidneys receive a high amount of blood?

A

functions to help as maintenance of blood volume and ion balance in which it can be completed more efficiently

46
Q

What are the major components of blood?

A
  1. Plasma

2. Red and white blood cells

47
Q

What is plasma composed of

A 
H2O
Dissolved:
- Proteins
-Glucose
-Hormones
-CO2
-O2
-Na
-K
-Cl
-Ca
-H
-HCO3 (bicarbonate)
48
Q

What is the order of blood flow in the kidney?

A

Renal Artery > Afferent Arteriol > Glomerulus (capillary) > Effernt Arteriol > Peritubular Capillaries > Venule > Renal Vein

49
Q

What is the peritubular capillaries?

A

Takes things from the tubule and puts it back in to the body

50
Q

How much plasma is filtered/day?

A

180L

-excrete only 1 1/2L or urine/day

51
Q

What are the 3 processes that affect how much fluid is excreted?

A

Filtration
Secretion
Reabsorption

52
Q

What is filtration?

A

Movement of plasma components from the blood to the glomerulus into Bowmans space

53
Q

What is secretion?

A

From the surrounding capillaries into the filtrate in the tubule

54
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

From the filtrate in the tubule to the surrounding capillaries

55
Q

What is the equation of hoe much urine is excreted?

A

Amount filtered - Amount reabsorbed + Amount secreted= Amount of solute excreted

Physiology 2130 (44 decks)

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