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Physiology 2130 > Digestive System Anatomy and Function > Flashcards

Digestive System Anatomy and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 stages of swallowing?

A
  1. Voluntary stage
  2. Pharyngeal stage
  3. Esophageal
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2
Q

What is mastication?

A

Chewing-mechanical manipulation of food

-turns it into a bolus

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3
Q

What secretions are there in the mouth?

A
  1. Salivary amylase

2. Lingual lipase

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4
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Movement of bolus down the esophagus achieved through coordinated contractions and relaxations of both the circular and longitudinal muscles

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5
Q

What controls peristalsis?

A

Medulla oblongata

-involuntary

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6
Q

How is peristalsis initiated?

A

If food is still loved in the esophagus

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7
Q

What happens to bolus in the stomach?

A

Liquifired to enhance enzymatic digestion, then mixed thoroughly via muscle contractions

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8
Q

How much gastric juice is secreted into the stomach per day?

A

2-3L

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach?

A

Reservoir for food before entering into the SI

-holds food for the right amount of time

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10
Q

What are the 2 sphincters present in the stomach?

A
  1. Lower esophageal sphincter: lets food in and prevents it from coming back up
  2. Pyloric sphincter: allows little bits of chyme into SI
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11
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the stomach?

A
  1. Fundus: receives food when it enters
  2. Body: Where secretions are coming from
  3. Antrum: Secretes hormones
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12
Q

What are the 4 types of stomach layers?

A
  1. Mucosa: Endo or exocrine cells, contains pits, has blood vessels, capillaries and collagen
  2. Submucosa: Neural network, connects mucosa to smooth muscle, blood and lymph vessels
  3. Smooth Muscle (Muscularis Externa): Muscle, neural network
  4. Serosa: External layer of dense connective tissue, protects outside off stomach
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13
Q

What are the 3 kind of exocrine cells?

A
  1. Mucus neck cells: Mucus and bicarbonate. Keeps neutral layer to protect the stomach acid from itself
  2. Chief cells: Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
  3. Parietal cells: Intrinsic factor, H+, Cl- (combine to make HCl)
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14
Q

What is the only endocrine cell?

A

G cells: Hormone gastrin

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15
Q

How does the stomach reduce the bolus to chyme?

A

Gentle mixing waves sent every 15-25 seconds to mix contents with secretions. Moree vigorous mixing occurs as digestion proceeds beginning at the body and intensifying towards antrum.

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16
Q

What is gastric emptying?

A

Pyloric sphincter is slightly open to allow small amounts of chyme into the SI

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17
Q

What is chyme?

A

Liquified food that goes from the stomach into the SI

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18
Q

How long does it take to breakdown the food once it enters in your stomach?

A

Depends on what content of the food was

19
Q

What are the 3 processes that occur until all contents of the stomach are gone?

A
  1. Propulsion: gentle mixing waves
  2. Grinding: vigorous mixing from body to pyloric
  3. Retropulsion: Slight opening at pyloric sphincter where small amounts of chyme enter the duodenum
20
Q

What happens to salivary amylase in the stomach?

A

Gastric juices inactivate salivary amylase

21
Q

What happens to lingual lipase in the stomach?

A

Lingual Lipase is activated in the gastric juices

22
Q

What is pepsinogen and what is its role?

A

Pepsinogen is a protein that must encounter acid to produce the active enzyme called pepsin

23
Q

What is pepsin and what is its role?

A

Pepsin is responsible for beginning portent digestion in the stomach

24
Q

What are the 7 different functions of stomach acid?

A
  1. Activates lingual lipase
  2. Activates pepsin
  3. Inactivates salivary amylase
  4. Kills micorbes
  5. Denatures proteins
  6. Stimulates secretion or hormones
  7. Gastric lipase
25
Q

In which part of the digestive tract does the most digestion occur?

A

Small intestine

-specifically the duodenum

26
Q

Where do the liver and pancreases solutions first interact with the chyme?

A

In the duodenum

27
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
28
Q

What are properties of the duodenum ?

A
  • Location of enzymes mixing the chyme
  • Most digestion occurs here
  • Increase or decrease motility to optimize chemical digestion
  • smallest part
29
Q

What are properties of the jejunum?

A
  • Villi to increase surface area for optimal absorption
  • Most absorption occurs here
  • Medium in size
30
Q

What are properties of the ileum?

A
  • Less villi but can still absorb nutrients if necessary

- Largest part

31
Q

What are the 4 layers of the small intestine?

A
  1. Mucosa: mixed epithelial cells, exo and endocrine, small blood and lymph vessels, crypts (invaginations), villi
  2. Submucosa: Neural network, get info from mucosa to let train know contents and how much
  3. Muscularis: Layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal). neural network
  4. Serosa: thin layer of connective tissue
32
Q

What is segmentation?

A

specialized mixing contractions in the small intestine to mix chyme with digestive juices that are secreted

33
Q

What kind of contractions is segmentation?

A

Localized mixing contractions that also function to increase the interactions of the food particles in the chyme with the absorptive cells in the intestinal mucosa

34
Q

What are the 7 cell types in the intestinal wall?

A
  1. Absorptive cells-epithelial cells with microvilli
  2. Goblet cells- secret mucus
  3. Intestinal gland cells- secretes intestinal juice (watery mucus, slightly alkaline)
  4. Paneth cells- secrete lysozyme
  5. S cells- secretes secretin
  6. CCK cells- secretes cholecystokinin
  7. K cells- secretes glucose dependent insulinotrophic peptide (GIP)
35
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Also known as the brush border, increase the surface area of plasma membranes fo more nutrients can be absorbed

36
Q

What do microvilli contain?

A

Brush border enzymes to help in digesting some macromolecules

37
Q

What are the 6 brush border enzymes and what do the digest?

A
  1. Lactase- glucose+galactose
  2. Sucrase- glucose+fructose
  3. Maltase- glucose+glucose
  4. Aminopeptidase- removes AA side of a protein
  5. Dipeptidase-cuts dipeptide into 2 single AA
  6. Enteropeptidase-cuts trypsinogen into trypsin
38
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A
  1. To finish process of absorption
    - nutrients absorbed here are generally not those that were absorbed in the small intestine
  2. Production of certain vitamins
  3. Formation of feces
39
Q

What are the 3 sections of the large intestine?

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
40
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Little area attached to the start of the large intestine that contains the good bacteria

41
Q

What is a haustra?

A

Intestine bubbles/sections.
When chyme passes from bubble to bubble it flips/turns in each section. this helps to get nutrient and water out that is still in there. Flips through every bubble

42
Q

What is the gastroileal reflex?

A

Presence of food stimulates the opening of the ileocecal valve

43
Q

What is the haustral churning?

A

Mixing of large intestine contents from one haustra to the next

44
Q

What is peristalsis and mass peristalsis of the large intestine?

A

Unidireftional movement of the lumen contents out of the large intestine
-Mass: allows for a more forceful contraction to signal you have to go to the bathroom

Physiology 2130 (44 decks)

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