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Physiology 2130 > Endocrine Physiology > Flashcards

Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary?

A

Anterior

Posterior

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2
Q

What is the difference between the posterior and anterior pituitary?

A

Anterior contains true endocrine cells

Posterior similar to brain tissue because it contains many neurons

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3
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The stock/ stem that attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus

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4
Q

Where are neurohormones made?

A

Made in the hypothalamus (rough ER)

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5
Q

What is the pathway of neurons through the thalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites of neurons are in the hypothalamus, and the axon travels down the infundibulum and axon terminals are in the posterior pituitary

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6
Q

How are neurohormones released?

A

Signal comes from the thalamus when there is an action potential it is sent down the axon and are stored in axon terminals which are incontac with the capillaries and released into the blood

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7
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Through capillary beds

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8
Q

Hormones are released in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, but what happens when the hormone gets to the target cell/tissue?

A

Once the signal is released and at the target cell/tissue, that target will release a third hormone which is apart of a negative feedback loop which will signal the hypothalamus to stop producing the initial hormone which will cause hormone 2 and 3 to stop producing.

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9
Q

What are the 2 things the posterior pituitary releases?

A

2 Peptide Hormones

  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic

both produced in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

Why is oxytocin important?

A

Promotes uterine contractions during labour as well as milk excretion
-in both sexes

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11
Q

What is Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A

Also know as Vasopressin
-Hormone that acts on specific regions of the kidney tubules to conserve water by allowing reabsorption of water back into the blood

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12
Q

What does ADH affect?

A

Blood pressure, since blood will be in a low blood volume state= low blood pressure

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13
Q

Where would you find vasopressin receptors to belated on the plasma membrane of kidney cells

A

Surface receptors

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14
Q

What are the consequences of a mutated ADH receptor?

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
    - lack of ADH or mutated receptors (aka receptors aren’t working)
    - cant be fixed
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15
Q

What happens when a hormone binds a membrane-bound receptor?

A

It must trigger an intracellular event in the target cell to alter its function

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16
Q

How do you get a target cell to alter its function?

A

Receptor may activate a G-protein, affect intracellular enzymes or alter the function of an ion channel

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17
Q

What happens when a hormone binds a intracellular receptor?

A

It may change the transcription of genes, causing an increase or suppression in protein synthesis

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18
Q

What are some of the hormones synthesized and released from the anterior pituitary?

A 
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin
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19
Q

When do endocrine cells in the pituitary know when to release hormones?

A

When it is singled from the hypothalamus

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20
Q

What are the hormones released from the Hypothalamus?

A 
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GH)
Dopamine
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21
Q

What is special about Dopamine and Prolactin?

A

Dopamine is inhibitory and stops the release of prolactin

Prolactin is not released when dopamine is present

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22
Q

What does LH/FSH act on?

A

Gonads

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23
Q

What does TSH act on?

A

Thyroid glands

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24
Q

What does ACTH act on?

A

Adrenal Glands

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25
Q

What does GH act on?

A

Bone
Skeletal Muscle
Liver
Adipose Tissue

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26
Q

What does Prolactin act on?

A

Mamary Glands

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27
Q

What and where is the Thyroid Gland?

A

One of the largest endocrine gland, butterfly shape

Located in the lower neck region just below the larynx

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28
Q

What happens to the thyroid when it isn’t functioning properly?

A

Can increase or decrease depending on what is happening

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29
Q

What does the thyroid produce?

A

Hormones that act on most of the cells in your body to influence metabolic rate

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30
Q

What surrounds the network of capillaries in the thyroid?

A

Individual units called follicles

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31
Q

Why are thyroid follicles important?

A

Hormones produced by the thyroid are made in these follicles

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32
Q

What is the colloid?

A

Stores the thyroid hormones and the site of production

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33
Q

How do thyroid hormones leave the colloid?

A

When thyroid hormones are done being made they go in the capillaries to be circulated in the blood

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34
Q

What are the 2 thyroid hormones that are made in the follicles?

A

Thyroxine (Tetraiodothyronine) T4

Triiodothyronine T3

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35
Q

What are the building blocks of T3 and T4?

A

2 Tyrosine and iodide is added

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36
Q

Where do we get iodide to make T3 and T4?

A

Comes from our diets

37
Q

Where do we find tyrosine to make T3 and T4?

A

Found on a target protein called Thyroglobulin (almost half of thyroglobulin is tyrosine)

38
Q

T4 Characteristics?

A
  • Less potent
  • Not active
  • More abundant
  • There when you need it to make T3
39
Q

T3 Characteristics?

A
  • More potent
  • Does most of the work
  • Dont require much for metabolism to increase
40
Q

Specifically where are T3 and T4?

A

Hormones are actually made outside the follicular cells and inside the colloid of the follicle
-tyrosine and iodide have to be transported into the colloid

41
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A 
(Too much)
Lower body mass
Higher temp
Lose weight
Hungrier
Increased heart weight
More fat released as energy
Fidgety, hypertensive and irritable
42
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Increase in protein production which causes more emzymes to be around which increases the rates of reactions. This causes the body to make more ATP while using more O2

43
Q

How do you treat hyperthyroidism

A

Removing thyroid

Radioactive iodine–> treats goiders by going in and causing degradation of the thyroid

44
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
(Too little)
Slow heart rate
Sensitive to cold
Weight gain
Fatigue and depression
45
Q

Cause of hypothyroidism?

A

Not getting enough iodine. Body response is to increase TRH and TSH but we don’t have the iodine from our diet to make the T3 and T4

46
Q

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

A

Pills for synthetic T4

47
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

On top of the kidneys

48
Q

What are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and inner medulla

49
Q

Which of the 2 adrenal cortex regions are further divided and into how many?

A

Adrenal cortex is further subdivided into 3 layers

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasiculata

Zona Reticularis

51
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasiculata

Zona Reticularis

52
Q

What do each adrenal cortex do?

A

Make specific steroid hormones for each layer

-depends on the enzymes in the layer

53
Q

What hormone is made in the Zona Glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

54
Q

What hormone is made in the Zone Fasiculata?

A

Cortisol

55
Q

What hormone is made in the Zone Reticularis?

A

Androgens

56
Q

What is cortisol production and secretion regulated by?

A

Through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis

57
Q

What is cortisol “street name”?

A

Stress hormone

58
Q

What is released in response to stress (physical or emotional stress)?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

59
Q

What is the cycle of cortisol levels in the body?

A

Flux’s throughout the day, highest in the morning to help you cope with the stress of the day.

Flows along with your circadian rhythm

60
Q

How does cortisol effect muscle?

A

Through protein catabolism
proteins –> amino acids
effects on the bone

61
Q

How does cortisol effect the liver?

A

Through gluconeogenesis

  • signals the liver to make new glucose out of things that aren’t glucose like glycerol or amino acids
  • glucose is put in the blood raising blood glucose levels fuel your brain
  • becasue when you are stressed you want to be able to think properly with enough food going to feed you brain
62
Q

How does cortisol effect adipose tissue?

A

Through Lipolysis

-Fat tissue breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids

63
Q

How does cortisol effect Immune system?

A

Through Immune suppression

  • When cortisol is release it surpasses the body reaction to things, like skin breakouts
  • cant fight of infections as easily
64
Q

What cells will cortisol impact?

A

Nearly all cells will have receptors inside the cell because it is a steroid protein

65
Q

If cortisol levels are too high for too long what can that result in?

A

Osteoporosis

-bone breakdown

66
Q

Why is cortisol considered catabolic?

A
  • It breaks down large macromolecules
  • Causes enzymes to be produced and speed up processes of breaking down amino acids
  • Needs amino acids to repair things
67
Q

What is Cushings Disease?

A

Named after physicians who found it

-Hypercortisolism (to much cortisol)

68
Q

What are symptoms of Cushings?

A 
High blood sugar
Muscle wasting/weakness
Stretchmarks
Stunted growth
Osteoperosis
Excessive fat break down in limbs but accumulation in abdomen
Increased infection rate
69
Q

How to treat Cushings?

A

Try to keep cortisol as low and as local as possible (puffer, cream)

When you take a pill it goes through your whole system

70
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

Mineralocorticoid hormone

71
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Act on kidneys to put Na+ back into the blood by making new protein channels and Na+/K+ pumps

72
Q

Why do we want aldosterone to put Na+ back into the blood?

A

When there is Na+ water follows

73
Q

how does aldosterone get released?

A

Usually released in response to ACTH, but it is often secreted when stimulated by angiotensin II which originated in the RAAS (Renin-aniotensin-aldosterone-system) not in the hypothalamus.

74
Q

When is the RAAS pathway unregulated?

A

When blood pressure is low in order to reabsorb Na+ from areas in the kidney tubules and return it to the blood

75
Q

What is aldosterone also stimulated by?

A

Increased levels of blood K+

76
Q

What effect does K+ have on kidneys?

A

K+ is secreted into the kidney tubules by increasing the number of K+ ATPase pumps

77
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

Hydrophilic center of the adrenal gland

78
Q

Which chemical does the adrenal medulla release?

A

Epinephrin (Catecholamine), Norepinephrin and Dopamine

79
Q

What triggers the release of epinephrin?

A

The sympathetic nervous system signals the chromatin cells of the adrenal medulla to release epinephrin into the blood stream
-immediate response to stress causing you to flee

80
Q

What are some effects of increased epinephrin in the body?

A

increased gluconeogenesis
increased heart rate
relaxes lung airways
increase blood pressure by constricting blood vessels

81
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release?

A

Insulin and glucagon

82
Q

Why does the pancreas release the 2 hormones?

A

to regulate blood glucose

83
Q

Where are the 2 pancreas hormones produced?

A

In the islets of langerhans

84
Q

What are islet cells?

A

islets are endocrine cells that are a mix of alpha and beta cells within the islets

85
Q

What do islet alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

86
Q

What is the trigger for releasing glucagon?

A

Low blood sugar tells cells to release glucose into the bloodstream

87
Q

What do islet beta cells produce?

A

Insulin is produced and released here

88
Q

What is the trigger for releasing insulin?

A

When blood sugar is too high it signals target cells to take up glucose so its not in the blood

Physiology 2130 (44 decks)

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