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Physiology 2130 > Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

Muscle Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are contractile systems?

A

Biological mechanism that utilize chemical energy from the metabolism of food in the form of ATP hydrolysis to perform useful work

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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3
Q

What is the primary function of the 3 different kinds of cell muscles?

A

Skeletal - voluntary movement
Smooth - walls of hollow sister, blood vessels and various ducts
Cardiac - creating the heart muscle

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4
Q

What is a whole muscle made out of?

A

Fascicles

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5
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Each fascicle contains bundles of muscle cells/fibres

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6
Q

What is within each muscle cell?

A

Myofibrils

-long cylindrical structures

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7
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Myofilaments

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8
Q

Why are myofilaments important?

A

They contain the actual proteins responsible for muscle contraction

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9
Q

What are the 2 kinds of myofilaments?

A

Thin

Thick

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10
Q

What happens when thin and thick myofilaments interact?

A

Muscles contract

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11
Q

What is the pattern of muscle cells?

A

Striated

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12
Q

What is the pattern of muscle cells due to?

A

The arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments

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13
Q

What does the number of muscle cells depend on in one muscle?

A

Size of whole muscle

-larger the whole muscle, the greater number of muscle cells

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14
Q

How long are muscle cells?

A

vary from few mm to 12cm

-depending on the size of the whole muscle

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15
Q

Why are skeletal muscle cells unique?

A

They contain many nuclei unlike most cells in the body where they contain only 1 nucleus

They contain mitochondria to make ATP for muscle contraction

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16
Q

What is the biggest and smallest muscle cell?

A

Biggest= Sarturius 12cm from hip to let

Smallest= Ear

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17
Q

What happens to the muscle when you work out?

A

The size of the whole muscle is changing, not the number of muscle cells in the muscle

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18
Q

What is surrounding muscle cells?

A

Sacrolemma (membrane)

-sarcoplasma on the inside

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19
Q

What are the Transverse tubules?

A

Are a continuation of the sarcolemma that travels down into the muscle cell and wrap around each myofibril

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20
Q

What is the function of T Tubules?

A

They allow for the action potential to travel from the surface of the sarcolemma down inside the muscles cell where the contractile proteins are located

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21
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Specialized organelle between the T tubules and wraps around the myofibrils

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22
Q

What is stored in the SR?

A

SR is a hallow structure that holds Ca++ in the muscle cell

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23
Q

Does the SR come into contact with the T Tubules?

A

NO

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24
Q

What is the lateral sac?

A

The chubby ends pop the SR that are closest to the T tubules

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25
Q

What is the function of the lateral sac?

A

Ca++ is released to trigger the muscle contraction

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26
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

A number of different proteins

-mix of contractile proteins and structural proteins

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27
Q

Where are contractile proteins found?

A

In both thin and thick myofilaments

-but each has a different contractile protein

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28
Q

What are the 3 contractile proteins that make up thin myofilaments?

A

G Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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29
Q

What is G Actin?

A

Golubular protein all linked together to form 2 strands of a helical chain

Each G actin has a myosin binding site

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30
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

Rod snapped protein composed of 2 chains wrapped together in a supercoil

Lies lengthwise on actin

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31
Q

Where is tropomyosin located when relaxed?

A

Is situated so that it partially covers the myosin binding sites on the actin molecule

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32
Q

What is troponin?

A

Holds the tropomyosin molecule over the myosin binding site on the actin when the muscle is relaxed

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33
Q

How does Ca++ affect tropomyosin?

A

Ca++ pulls tropomyosin off the actin binding site to allow the head of the thick filament to bind

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34
Q

What are thick myofilaments composed of?

A

Many myosin molecules

-myosin molecules itself is 2 long polypeptide chains making and alpha helical tail and a globular head

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35
Q

Do all myosin molecules point in the same direction?

A

No, heads point away from the centre of the thick myofilament

36
Q

What does each thick myofilament head have?

A

Binding site for actin and ATPhase

37
Q

What does ATPase do?

A

Breaks down ATP to ADP + Pi and pleases energy for contraction

38
Q

How are thin myofilament joined together?

A

Z line

39
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The section between z lines

-the smallest functional unit of the muscle cell

40
Q

What is a cross bridge and when does it form?

A

Forms when a myosin head attaches t and actin molecule.

When this occurs the power stroke is initiated and contraction will occur

41
Q

For the power stroke, which direction do the myosin heads move?

A

They contract towards the centre of the sarcomere

-moving the 2 attached filaments towards the centre

42
Q

What is titin and what does it do?

A

Holds the thick myofilament in place

  • makes sure the muscle doesn’t over stretch
  • helps return muscle to original resting length
43
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

When myosin binds to actin a cross bridge is formed

Myosin head changes shape and a power stroke occurs

Thin and thick myofilaments: actin slides past myosin

44
Q

What happens to the length of sarcomere during contraction?

A

The whole sarcomere as a whole shortens

  • Thick myofilament doesn’t change length
  • Thin myofilament doesn’t change length
45
Q

What is the neruomuscular junction (NMJ)?

A

Point of contact between the motor nerve and the muscle cell/fibre

46
Q

What is the ratio of motor nerve to muscle cell?

A

Each nerve can touch more than one muscle cell but a single muscle cell and only have one motor nerve

47
Q

At the NMJ what is contained within the vesicles in the neuron?

A

Acetylcholine neurotransmitter (Ach)

48
Q

What is the region directly underneath the axon terminal?

A

Muscle end plate

49
Q

What will 1 action potential on the motor nerve alway produce?

A

Will always produce one action potential on the muscle cell membrane

50
Q

Know the 9 Muscular Junction events

A
  1. Action potential depolarizes the neuron axon terminal
  2. Depolarization causes Ca++ voltage gated channels to open
  3. Ca++ flows into the axon terminal and causes vesicles to dock and release acetylcholine neurotransmitter
  4. 2x Ach binds to the chemically gated ion channels
  5. Na+ flows into the muscle end plate, little K+ leaves
  6. Depolarization of the muscle end plate triggers the EPP (end plate potential)
  7. EPP depolarization causes the Na+/K+ voltage gated channels to open
  8. Action potential is generated
  9. Acetylcholine is degraded in the synapse into choline and acetic acid by Acetylcholinesterase.
    - the parts are taken back up by the axon terminal to be recycled
51
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Process where an action potential on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell/fibre leads to the release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, cross bridge activity and contraction

52
Q

What stops the muscle contraction?

A

We need to stop Ach

53
Q

Which areas are the t tubules in contact with?

A

T tubules are a continuation of the sarcolemma and also wrap around the myofibrils

54
Q

What does the continuation of the t tubules into the deepest parts means?

A

That the action potential; can reach the deepest pars in the cell

55
Q

What triggers the release of the Ca++ from the SR?

A

The action potential triggers the release of Ca++ from the lateral sac of the SR

56
Q

What are the 10 events that are involved in excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)?

A
  1. Action potential is generated at the endplate of the muscle cell
  2. Action potential propagates over the sarcolemma and down the t-tube
  3. Voltage sensors on the t-tube detects the action potential and changes the shape of the sensor
  4. Voltage sensor opens Ca+ release channels on the lateral sac of the SR (Ca++ is released from the SR)
  5. Ca++ binds to troponin causing the tropomyosin to roll off the myosin binding sites
  6. Myosin attaches to actin (cross bridge formed) and power stroke occurs
  7. Actin (thin myofilaments) slide over the myosin (thick myofliaments) and muscle contracts (sarcomeres shorten)
  8. Ca++ is actively pumped back into the SR by Ca++ ATPase to stop the contraction
  9. When Ca++ is removed, tropomyosin covers myosin binding sites
  10. Muscle relaxes
57
Q

What happens to ATP when it is hydrolyzed on the myosin head?

A

Breaks down to ADP and Pi which both remain on the myosin head and release a lot of energy

58
Q

Where does the energy from breaking the ATP go?

A

Energy is transferred to myosin

-produces a high-energy form of myosin

59
Q

What is special about high energy myosin?

A

It has a high affinity for actin

60
Q

What does the breakdown of the ATP do to the myosin head?

A

Positions the myosin head so that it is ready to attach actin

61
Q

Why cant the myosin head attach actin right away after ATP has been broken down?

A

Myosin binding site is still being covered by tropomyosin . The energized myosin is waiting for the action potential to initiate excitation contraction coupling (ECC) to move the tropomyosin

62
Q

What happens to the myosin head when the action potential occurs?

A

Ca++ is released from the SR and binds to troponin which pulls tropomyosin off the myosin binding site

63
Q

What happens when the myosin head finally binds to actin binding site?

A

Triggers the release of Pi and stored energy

64
Q

When myosin is bound to the actin binding site, energy is released. What does this energy do?

A

Discharge of energy fuels the cross bridge movement and a muscle contraction occurs

65
Q

What happens after the muscle contraction?

A

Remaining ADP is released from the myosin head

-myosin head its still attached to actin

66
Q

What happens when a new molecule of ATP binds to the myosin head?

A

Triggers the release of myosin from the actin, breaking the cross bridge
-cycle repeats

67
Q

What are the 5 stages of the ATP-Actin-Myosin cycle?

A
  1. ATP is attached to the myosin head. Myosin is not attached to actin
  2. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP+Pi and is still attached to the myosin head. energy from the break transfers to the head and is repositioned to bind actin
  3. ECC occurs. AP releases Ca++ from SR, Ca++ binds troponin. Tropomyosin rolls off myosin binding sites. Myosin attaches to a tin forming the cross bridge. Pi is released to trigger the power stroke. Muscle contraction occurs
  4. ADP is released after power stroke. Cross bridge still formed
  5. Myosin still attached to form cross bridge. New ATP binds to myosin, breaking the cross bridge and cycle repeats
68
Q

What does the ATP-Actin-Myosin cycle need in order to keep going?

A

ATP and Ca++

69
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

Muscle become very stiff after death
Begins 4 hours after death and it complete in 12 hours.
Slowly disappears over the next 24-48 hours

70
Q

What is the cause of rigor mortis?

A

No oxygen, no ATP produced, no ATP then Ca++ cant be pumped into the SR, cross bridges stay formed. No ATP actin myosin cant dissociate. Muscles stay permanently fused until muscle begin to decompose

71
Q

What is one motor unit?

A

Motor neuron and all muscle cells it comes into contact with.

72
Q

What is motor unit size dependent on?

A

of muscle cells it comes into contact with

73
Q

What will one AP on a motor neuron do?

A

Cause all the muscles it is in contact with to contract

74
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

Muscle contraction in réponse to 1 action potential on the motor nerve

75
Q

What is the ECC and relaxation dependent on?

A

The release and uptake of the Ca++ back into the SR

-defines the rate for both ECC and relocation of a muscle cell

76
Q

How long is one twitch?

A

2-3 msec

77
Q

Are you able to change the force of contraction in your muscles?

A

Yes, can adjust to the weight being lifted

78
Q

What are the 2 ways in which muscles can alter the force of contraction?

A

Motor unit recruitment

Summation of twitch contractions

79
Q

What is Motor unit recruitment?

A

When the recruitment of motor units is increased the force of a muscle can increase as well
-as more units are activated, mire muscle cells will contract and the overall contractile force of the muscle increases as a whole

80
Q

What is summation of twitch contractions?

A

As Ap frequency is increased, each muscle twitch has less time ti relax before the next one occurs. twitches start to stack up on one another causing greater tension (more forceful contraction)

81
Q

What happens to twitches at medium-high AP frequency?

A

Twitch swill summate but there will still be a little time to relax before the next twitch begins

82
Q

What is the name for medium-high AP frequency?

A

An unfused titanic contraction (unfused tetanus)

83
Q

What happens at very high AP frequencies?

A

There is little or not relaxation between twitches. All twitches will summate to produce a large smooth, sustained contraction.

84
Q

What is the name for very high AP frequencies?

A

Complete tetanus

85
Q

What happens when the muscle contraction is sustained for a long period of time?

A

Muscle will begin to fatigue and the force of contraction will begin to decrease

86
Q

Can the max tension increase?

A

Yes, when you work out more, the max tension can increase

Physiology 2130 (44 decks)

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