Metabolism and Adaptations to Metabolism

Question 1

What are the 4 sets of reactions of cellular respiration?

Answer 1

1. Glycolysis –> ATP
2. Pyruvic Acids–> AcetylCoA
3. AcetylCoA(Citric acid cycle)–> CO2, ATP, H+ and high energy e- carriers (NADH)
4. H+, high energy e- carriers–> electron transport chain–> ATP

Question 2

Which sets of reaction are in the cytoplasm vs the mitochondria?

Answer 2

Cytoplasm
-Glycolysis to create pyruvic acid

Mitochondria

• Pryuvic acid to AcetylCoA
• AcetylCoA (citric acid cycle)–>CO2, ATP, H+, high energy e- carriers
• H+, high energy e- carriers(electron transport system)–> ATP

Question 3

Which is a more efficient source of producing ATP?

Answer 3

Fat produces more ATP than glucose

Question 4

What are the 4 fates of glucose after the liver has converted all monosaccharides into glucose?

Answer 4

1. ATP production- glucose is oxidized to produce ATP (liver takes glucose and m makes ATP)
2. Amino acid synthesis- glucose can be converted into some amino acids if needed (protein anabolism)
3. Glycogen Synthesis- storage of glucose
4. Triglyceride synthesis- when glucose is in excess (lipogenesis)

Question 5

Describe glucose uptake

Answer 5

Cells take glucose from the blood to use in ATP production. Glucose is taken in via uniporter and phospherilated ignorer to remain in the cell
-glucose goes from a high to low concentration areas

Question 6

Describe glycogenesis

Answer 6

Taking glucose from the blood, phosphorylating it, and convening glucose chains into glycogen stores

Question 7

Which cells are better are glycogenesis?

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle and liver cells

Question 8

Which area in the body can not store glucose?

Answer 8

Brain, even though it uses glucose to function it relies on the body to produce glucose for it

Question 9

Describe glycogenolysis

Answer 9

When glycogen is converted back to phosphorylated glucose. Then either skeletal muscle cells can keep the phosphorylated glucose to use in muscles. Or phosphorylated glucose is sent to the liver and has the enzyme to breakdown the P bonds and just leave glucose for it to enter into the blood and be taken up be cells that need glucose

Question 10

Why does the skeletal muscle keep the glucose for itself?

Answer 10

It doesn’t have the enzyme in order to break the P bonds

Question 11

Describe gluconeogenesis

Answer 11

formation of glucose molecules from non-carb sources (Amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol)

Question 12

How does lactic acid enter the cellular respiration cycle to produce glucose?

Answer 12

Lactic acid is produced when muscle cells are deprived of O2. It can travel to the liver and it converted by an enzyme into pyruvic acid

Question 13

How do amino acids enter the cellular respiration cycle to produce glucose?

Answer 13

Certain amino acids are converted into pyruvic acid

Question 14

How does glycerol enter the cellular respiration cycle to produce glucose?

Answer 14

Backbone of triglyceride goes into the liver and is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (after pyruvic acids and before glucose 6-phosphate)

Question 15

What are the fates of lipids?

Answer 15

1. Stored in adipose tissue as fat deposits (triglycerides)
2. Oxidized to produce ATP
3. Formation of structural m molecules- phospholipids of cell membranes and myelin sheaths in neurons

Question 16

What makes up 89% of our energy source for our bodies?

Answer 16

triglycerides that are stored in adipose tissue

Question 17

Where is 50% of stored triglycerides found?

Answer 17

In our sub-cutaneous skin

Question 18

Describe lipolysis

Answer 18

The breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

• Glycerol enters to the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphoate stage and can either make glucose or go through citric acid cycle depending on the cell
• Fatty acids will enter are the start of the citric acid cycle and AcetylCoA

Question 19

Describe lipogenesis

Answer 19

Forming triglycerides form non-lipid sources such as glucose and amino acids.

• Amino acids enter as AcetylCoA and through many combinations with other AcetylCoA’s they for fatty acids
• Glucose can continue onto glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which can then form glycerol aka the backbone

Question 20

What is a ketone body?

Answer 20

When 2 AcetlyCoA molecules come together

Question 21

Where are ketones made?

Answer 21

Hepatocytes of the liver

Question 22

How are ketone bodies leave the cell?

Answer 22

Diffusion which the AcetylCoA can not

Question 23

How do ketones get to other cells?

Answer 23

They are released into the blood where other cells can pick them up to use as an energy source

Question 24

How do ketones enter into the Krebs cycle?

Answer 24

They are converted back into 2 AcetylCoA molecules

Question 25

Which organs in the body prefer ketones as an energy source?

Answer 25

Heart and the kidney outer layer prefer ketones to produce ATP

Question 26

In what state do you have to be in in order to produce ketones?

Answer 26

Consuming a high fat diet or starvation which produces excessive ketone bodies (which are acidic)

Question 27

What kind of people can benefit from a ketone based diet?

Answer 27

People with seizures and neurological disorders

Question 28

What is protein anabolism?

Answer 28

After amino acids are absorbed, they are put back together as proteins

Question 29

What are the 4 main types of proteins?

Answer 29

1. enzymes
2. hormones
3. Structural components
4. Transporters

Question 30

What is protein catabolism?

Answer 30

Cells are able to recycle proteins. Hepatocytes can convert some amino acids to fatty aids, ketone bodies or glucose.

Question 31

Can amino acids enter the keeps cycle to produce energy?

Answer 31

They can but the amino group has to be removed in hepatocytes ignorer to enter