Accessory Organs of the Digestive System

Question 1

How does the pancreases connect to the small intestine?

Answer 1

connects to the upper portion of the small intestine via 2 ducts where the juices come into contact with the chyme

Question 2

What are some of the exocrine cells of the pancreas?

Answer 2

ductal

acinar

Question 3

Where are alpha, beta and delta cells found?

Answer 3

not connected to the pancreatic duct

-in the islets?

Question 4

What are acinar cells?

Answer 4

At the end of the duct is there region with the cells that start to form the duct

Question 5

What are the 8 exocrine secretions from the pancreases?

Answer 5

1. Bicarbonate
2. Pancreatic amylase
3. Pancreatic lipase
4. Trypsinogen
5. Chymotripsinogen
6. Procarboxypeptidase
7. Prophospholipase
8. Procolipase

Question 6

What is the function of bicarbonate when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 6

Released from ductal cells

• helps neutralize stomach acid
• can function right away

Question 7

What is the function of pancreatic amylase when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 7

Released from acinar cells

• Digests carbs
• functions right away

Question 8

What is the function of pancreatic lipase when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 8

Released from acinar cells

-digests lipids

Question 9

What is the function of trypsinogen when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 9

Released from acinar cells

• digest protein
• inactive form inside pancreases but out side it converted to active enzyme trypsin

Question 10

What is the function of chymotrypsin when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 10

Released from acinar cells

• digest protein
• inactive form inside pancreas and transformed into active form outside

Question 11

What is the function of prophospholipase when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 11

Released from acinar cells

• Digests phospholipids (foods with membranes)
• incactive form inside pancreases and transforms to active form phospholipase outside

Question 12

What is the function of Procolipase when secreted from the pancreases?

Answer 12

Inactive then transforms into collapse which is not an enzyme but helps an enzyme to digest fats

Question 13

What are zymogens?

Answer 13

inactive form of enzymes

Question 14

How is trypsinogen activated?

Answer 14

When released from pancreatic duct, it combines with enteropeptidase in thee brush border of SI lumen which converts it to trypsin.

Question 15

Why is the conversion of trypsin so important?

Answer 15

It functions as an enzyme to turn all zymogens into their active form

Question 16

What re the endocrine secretions of the pancreases?

Answer 16

Coming from the islets of langerhaus:

1. Insulin- released by beta cells
2. Glucagon- released by alpha cells
3. Somatostaitin- released by delta cells

Question 17

What are the main cell types of the liver?

Answer 17

Hepatocytes

Question 18

What are the function of hepatocytes?

Answer 18

secrete a bile solution that aids in digestion and therefore the absorption of lipids

Question 19

What are cancliculi?

Answer 19

Small ducts in between hepatocytes which secrete bile solution

Question 20

What to all caniculi eventually merge into?

Answer 20

right and left hapatic duct and then those two merge into the common hepatic duct

Question 21

What are sinusoids?

Answer 21

Vessels surrounding hepatocytes. They are permeable blood capillaries that receive blood from hepatic artery which is O2 rich and hepatic portal vein which is nutrient rich

Question 22

What do hepatocytes retrieve from sinusoids?

Answer 22

Substances, like absorbed macronutrients and then metabolize them before they are secreted back into the blood.

Question 23

What is the path of the flow of blood through the liver?

Answer 23

Aorta> Hepatic Artery> Liver capillaries> Hepatic vein> Inferioir vena cava

Aorta> Digestive tract Arteries> Digestive capillaries> Hepatic portal vein> Liver capillaries> Hepatic vein> Inferior vena cava

Question 24

What are the 4 main functions of the liver?

Answer 24

1. Synthesis of bile salts to help break down lipids
2. Excretion of bilirubin-waste products derived from hemoglobin (aren’t good for us)
3. Metabolism of carbs, lipids and proteins- stores them or converts them
4. Processing of drugs- process for body to use and excrete

Question 25

Where is the bile solution produced?

Answer 25

By hepatocytes

Question 26

Where is bile stored ?

Answer 26

In the gall bladder until it is stimulated for release into the small intestine

Question 27

Does bile salt have any enzymatic properties?

Answer 27

NO

-they do help in the digestion of lipids but only to help expose more lipid to the enzymes(lipase) that digest them

Question 28

How does bile help in digestion of lipids?

Answer 28

Lipids are hydrophobic and do not dissolve well in aqueous environment. Bile salts help make lipids more soluble = emulsification

Question 29

What are the 4 components of bile salt?

Answer 29

1. BIle salts- helps lipid digestion
2. Cholesterol-excess is excreted because we make a lot
3. Bile pigments-bilirubin gives it the yellow colour
4. Water and ions- make solution less viscous, ions so it can live in the body

Question 30

What why is it a good thing for bile to sit in the gallbladder for a long time?

Answer 30

It becomes more concentrated as some of the water and ions are reabsorbed.
-concentrated bile is better able to help in the digestion of fats

Question 31

How do you release bile?

Answer 31

Hormonal control to secrete bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum by a muscular contraction fo tissue surrounding the gallbladder