Renal Flashcards
What week does the Pronephros degenerate?
4th week
What trimester does the mesonephros function as an interim kidney? Does the mesonephros contribute to the male or female reproductive system?
1st trimester
male
In what week does the mesonephros develop?
5th week
What week does nephrogenesis finish?
36th week
What duct is the Ureteric bud developed from?
Mesonephric duct
From what structure to what structure does the Ureteric bud develop into in the adult kidney?
from the collecting duct to the ureter
By what week is the ureteric bud fully canalized?
10th week
The metanephric mesenchyme is responsible for the development of from where to where in the adult kidney?
glomerulus to DCT
What structure is the most likely to become obstructed during development? Why?
uretopelvic junction
last to canalize
What are the three causes of Potter Syndrome?
ARPKD
Bilateral renal artery agenesis
posterior urethral valves
What is the O of POTTER Sequence?
Oligohydramnios
What is amnion nodosum? What type of epithelium?
nodules on the amnion
squamous
The association of what two structures is defective during Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney?
metanephric mesenchyme
ureteric bud
What two components fill the kidney during dysplastic kidney?
cysts and cartilage
Is dysplastic more common in a bilateral or unilateral pattern?
unilateral
Do the ureters pass under or over the uterine artery?
under
Do the ureters pass under or over the ductus deferens?
under
Does creatinine over-estimate or under-estimate GFR? Why?
over-estimate
small amount of creatinine is secreted
What equation is used to estimate RPF?
PAH clearance
What is the equation for Filtration Fraction?
GFR/RPF
Does low plasma protein increase or decrease the GFR?
increase
What is the normal osmolality of ECF?
290 mOsm/L
What is the equation for filtered load?
(GFR)([Plasma])
At what blood glucose concentration does glucosuria begin to happen?
200 mg/dL
At what blood glucose concentration do PCT transporters begin to be saturated?
375 mg/dL
What two metabolites begin to accumulate in the urine during pregnancy?
glucose and amino acids
What is the mode of inheritance for Hartnup Disease?
autosomal recessive
Which amino acid specifically is underabsorbed during Hartnup Disease?
tryptophan
What are the two locations of defective transporters during Hartnup Disease?
PCT ad enterocytes
Which disease does Hartnup disease mimmic?
pellagra
What are the two treatments for Hartnup Disease?
high protein diet
niacin
What is a major complication in patients on long term dialysis? Where does this manifest?
amyloidosis
carpal tunnell
Where in the nephron is NH3 secreted?
PCT
Other than aldosterone, how does AII contribute to the reabsorption of sodium?
activates Na+/H+ exchanger
Can solutes be reabsorbed in the descending LoH?
no
What mechanism are Mg2+ and Ca2+ reabsorbed in the TAL?
paracellular
Which ion drives the paracellular reabsorption of Mg2+ and Ca2+ reabsorbed in the TAL?
K+
Sodium reabsorption in the collecting duct happens in exchange for what two ions?
Na+ and H+
What are the two ENaC blocking drugs?
amiloride and triamterene
Which part of the nephron is affected by Fanconi syndrome?
PCT
What four metabolites are abnormally excreted during Fanconi Syndrome?
glucose, AAs, bicarb and phosphate
Would Fanconi Syndrome result in metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis?
metabolic acidosis
Where in the nephron does Barter Syndrome occur?
thick ascending limb
What two Renal Tubular Defects are Autosomal Recessive?
Barter
Gittelman
What are the three abnormalities that Barter Syndrome produces?
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
hypercalciuria
Absorption of what electrolyte is deficient in Gitelman Syndrome? Where in the nephron?
NaCl
DCT
What are the two abnormalities that Gitelman Syndrome presents with?
metabolic alkalosis
hypokalemia
What is the difference between Barter Syndrome and Gitelman Syndrome?
Gitelman doesnt produce hypercalciuria
What is the definition of Liddle Syndrome?
increased reabsorption of NaCl in collecting duct
What is the only Renal Tubular Defect that is autosomal dominant?
Liddle Syndrome
What are the three abnormalities that present with Liddle Syndrome?
HTN
hypokalemia
metabolic alkalosis
What is the treatment for Liddle Syndrome?
Amiloride
What ions does aldosterone cause the excretion of?
K+ and hydrogen
What does angiotensin II do to the nephron? What segment?
activate Na/H exchanger
PCT
How does ANP produce a natriuresis? By what mechanism?
vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle
increases in cGMP
What cells of the kidney secrete erythropoietin?
interstitial peritubular cells
What part of the nephron completes the final stage of vitamin D synthesis?
proximal tubule cells
Which hormone activates 1α-hydroxylase?
PTH
What molecule is used to maintain patency of the afferent arteriole?
prostaglandins
What two hormones bidn to the principal cells?
ADH and aldosterone
What does digitalis do to potassium levels in the blood?
hyperkalemia
What does hyperosmolarity do to potassium levels in the blood?
hyperkalemia
What does insulin deficiency do to potassium levels in the blood?
hyperkalemia
Does Tumor Lysis Syndrome cause hyperkalemia or hypokalemia?
hyperkalemia
Does acidosis cause hyperkalemia or hypokalemia?
hyperkalemia
Does alkalosis cause hyperkalemia or hypokalemoa?
hypokalemia
Are β-blockers known to cause hyperkalemia or hypokalemia?
hyperkalemia
What ion disturbance cause U-waves to appear on an EKG?
hypokalemia
What ion disturbance cause T-waves to disappear on an EKG?
hypokalemia
What does hypocalcemia do to T-wave duration?
hypocalcemia = prolonged T-wave
What arrhythmia can hypomagnesia cause?
Torsades
Which ion disturbance can cause a wide QRS?
Hyperkalemia
What is the mnemonic to remember hypercalcemia?
stones, bones, groans and psychiatric overtones
Which ion disturbance can cause weakened DTRs?
hypermagnesia
Which ion disturbance can cause hypotension?
hypermagnesia
Hypermagnesia can cause which electrolyte disturbance?
hypocalcemia
What is the mneomonic for variables that can cause a metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap?
MUD PILES
What is the M of MUD PILES?
methanol poisoning
What is the U of MUD PILES?
Uremia
What is the D of MUD PILES?
DKA
What is the P of MUD PILES? Why does this cause acidosis?
Propylene glycol
propylene glycol is converted into
What is the two I’s of MUD PILES?
iron tablets of Isoniazid
What is the L of MUD PILES?
Lactic acidosis
What is the E of MUD PILES?
Etyhlene glycol
What is the S of MUD PILES?
Salicylates (late)
What is the Mnemonic to remember the cause of acidosis with a normal anion gap?
HARD ASS
What is the H of HARD ASS?
Hyperalimentation
What is the A of HARD ASS?
Addisons disease
What is the R of HARD ASS?
renal tubular acidosis
What is the D of HARD ASS?
Diarrhea
What is the A of HARD ASS?
Acetozolamide
What is the two S’s of HARD ASS?
Spironolactone
Saline infusion
Why does Addisons disease cause acidosis?
lack of aldosterone leads to accumulation of H+
Why does spironolactone lead to an acidosis?
lack of aldosterone to stimulate Na+ reabsorption and H+ secretion
What are the two symporters located on α-intercalated cells?
luminal H+ ATPase
luminal H+/K+ exchanger
What is the defect during Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis effect?
α-intercalated fail to secrete H+
Would Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis cause acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
Is Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis associated with hypokalemia or hyperkalemia?
Hypokalemia
What type of kidney stones would Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis be at an increased risk of developing? Why?
Calcium phosphate
urine pH > 5.5 precipitates CaPO4
What is the mnemonic to remember the causes of Type 1 Renal Tubular Acidosis?
the four A’s
What are the four A’s of Renal Tubular Acidosis?
Amphotericin b
Analgesics
multiple myeloma light chAins
congenital Anomalies
What is the cause of Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis? What is the pH of the urine?
congenital defect in the PCT to reabsorb bicarb
Does Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis result in a metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
Is Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis associated with hyperkalemia or hypokalemia?
hypokalemia
What type of cast would be produced during glomerulonephritis?
RBC
Which type of cast would be present during kidney rejection?
WBC cast
Which type of cast would be present during nephrotic syndrome?
fatty cast
Which type of cast would be present during Acute Tubular Necrosis?
brown, granular cast
What causes a hypercellular glomeruli?
mesangial proliferation
Would PSGN be nephrotic syndrome or nephritic syndrome?
nephritic
Would amyloidosis produce a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic
Where in the kidney does amyloidosis deposit? What is the result?
mesangial cells
mesangial sclerosis
Would FSGS produce a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic
Would Berger Disease produce nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephritic
Would Diabetic Glomerulonephropathy produce a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic
Would minimal change disease produce a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic
Would Alport Syndrome produce a nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?
nephrotic
Why would nephrotic syndrome produce edema?
loss of albumin
Why would nephrotic syndrome produce a hypercoaguable state?
loss of antithrombin III
Why would nephrotic syndrome produce an increased risk of infection ?
loss of immunoglobulins in urine
How is FSGS similar to MCD?
effacement of foot processes
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in AAs?
FSGS
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Hispanics?
FSGS
What are the three common causes of FSGS?
HIV
heroin
sickle cell disease
What is the difference between FSGS and MCD regarding their treatment?
FSGS doesnt respond well to steroids
What disease would be the nephrotic presentation of SLE?
Membranous Nephropathy
‘Spike and Dome’ correlates to what renal disease?
Membranous Nephropathy
Membranous Nephropathy most commonly effects which patient group?
Caucasians
Which antibody can drive Membranous Nephropathy?
anti-PLA2 receptor
What are the two classic drugs that can cause Membranous Nephropathy?
NSAIDs and Penicillamine
HBV and HCV cause what kidney disease?
Membranous Nephropathy
SLE causes what type of nephrotic syndrome?
Memrbanous nephropathy
Solid tumors causes what type of nephrotic syndrome?
membranous nephropathy
Lipid inside of proximal tubule cells is indicative of what renal disease?
Minimal Change Disease
Hodgkin disease can cause what type of kidney pathology?
Minimal Change Disease
What is the stain for amyloidosis?
Congo red
Amyloidosis of the kidney is associated with what three disease?
TB
rheumatoid
multiple myeloma
Which kidney disease has Type I and Type II?
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
What is the definition of Type I Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis?
subendothelial immune complex deposition
What is the definition of Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis?
intramembranous immune complex deposition
Is MPGN nephritic, nephrotic or both?
both
What are the two associations with Type I MPGN?
HBV and HCV
What is the associative cause of Type II MPGN?
C3 nephritic factor
What cell is effected during Diabetic Glomerulonephropathy?
Mesangial cells
What two happenings take place to mesangial cells durnig Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis?
expansion
sclerosis
What three proteins deposit during PSGN?
IgG/IgM/C3
What does PSGN look like on EM?
Subepithelial Humps
What are the three common presenting symptoms during PSGN?
HTN
hematuria
periorbital edema
What happens to complement levels during PSGN?
decrease
What happens to anti-DNase B titers during PSGN?
increase
What kidney disease would Goodpasture Disease present with?
RPGN
What kidney disease would Wegener Disease present with?
RPGN
What kidney disease would Goodpasture Disease present with?
RPGN
What kidney disease would Microscopic Polyangiitis Disease present with?
RPGN
What kidney disease would Churg-Strauss present with?
RPGN
What are the two most common presenting symtpoms of Goodpasture Syndrome?
Hematuria
Hemoptysis
Autoantibodies in Goodpasture Syndrome are produced against what two structures?
Glomerular BM
Alveolar BM
What two antibodies are present during Wegeners Polyangiitis?
PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA
What two antibodies are present during Microscopic Polyangiitis?
p-ANCA/MPO-ANCA
What are the two causes of Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis?
SLE or MPGN
Which kidney disease is the most common cause of death in patients with SLE?
Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
What kidney disease presents with ‘Crescents’?
RPGN
What are three things these crescents composed of?
macrophages and fibrin and plasma proteins
What is the definition of Berger Syndrome?
IgA induced nephropathy
Where in the nephron does IgA accumulate during Berger Disease?
Mesangium
What disease could produce Berger Syndrome?
Henoch-Schonlein-Purpura
What are the two reasons Berger Syndrome could flare?
GI or lung infections
What type of collagen mutated in Alport Syndrome? Which chain?
type four
α-5
What is the most common mode of inheritance for Alport Syndrome?
X-linked
What are the three most common presenting symptoms of Alport Syndrome?
glomerulonephritis
Sensory hearing loss
Visual disturbances
Which calcium containing kidney stone precipitates at low pH?
calcium oxalate
Which calcium containing kidney stone precipitates at high pH?
Calcium phosphate
What type of kidney stone would ethylene glycol cause the formation of?
calcium oxalate
What type of kidney stones would Crohns disease produce?
Calcium oxalate
What type of kidney stone would excessive Vitamin C produce?
calcium oxalate
What are the two treatments for calcium kidney stones?
thiazides and citrate
Are calcium oxalate stones radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiopaque
Are ammonium magnesium phosphate stones radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiopaque
Does ammonium magnesium phosphate precipitate at high pH or low pH?
high pH
What two bugs clasically cause AMP stones?
Proteus mirabalis and Klebsiella
Which Staph species is urease positive? What kind of kidney stone could this cause?
saprophyticus
AMP
Staghorn caliculi are primarily composed of what constituent?
AMP
Do uric acid stones precipitate at a high or low pH?
low pH
What is the mnemonic to remember all the protease positive bugs?
BacK PPUNCHeS
What is the B of BacK PPUNCHeS?
bacteroides
What is the K of BacK PPUNCHeS?
klebsiella
What are the two P’s of BacK PPUNCHeS?
Proteus
Providencia
What is the U of BacK PPUNCHeS?
Ureaplasma
What is the N of BacK PPUNCHeS?
Nocardia
What is the C of BacK PPUNCHeS?
Cryptococcus neoformans
What is the H of BacK PPUNCHeS?
H. pylori
What is the S of BacK PPUNCHeS?
Staph saprophyticus
Are uric acid stones radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiolucent
What are the two risk factors for uric acid stones?
low urine volume
hot/arid climates
What is the treatment for uric acid stones?
alkalinization of the urine
Are uric acid stones visible on CT?
yes
Are uric acid stones visible on ultra-sound?
yes
Do cystine stones precipitate at low pH or high pH?
low pH
Are cystine stones radiopaque or radiolucent?
radiopaque
What drug is used to diagnose cystine stones?
sodium nitroprusside
What is the treatment for Cystin Kidney Stones?
alkalinization of the urine
What is the most common cause of hydronephrosis?
urinary tract obstruction
Other than obstruction, what are two potential causes of hydronephrosis?
retroperitoneal fibrosis
Vesicouretal reflex
Where in the kidney does renal cell carcinoma arise from?
proximal tubule cells
What is the most common patient presentation demographic for the development of renal cell carcinoma?
older male
What are two kidney specific presentations of renal cell carcinoma?
hematuria and polycythemia
What are the two most common sites of renal cell carcinoma metastasis?
lung and bone
What type of cell is an oncocyte?
epithelial cell
What organelle does an oncocyte contain a large amount of?
mitochondria
What is a renal oncocytoma?
benign epithelial tumor of kidney
What is the most common presentation of a renal oncocytoma?
painless hematuria
What is the treatment for a renal oncocytoma?
nephrectomy
What are the four causes of transitional cell carcinoma?
phenacetin
smoking
Aniline dyes
cyclophosphamide
What is the industrial risk factor for a transitional cell carcinoma?
aniline dyes
Does squamous cell bladder cancer present with painless hematuria or painful hematuria?
painless hematuria
Where would a person infected with Schistosoma hematobium live?
middle east
What type of bladder cancer does Schistosoma haematobium cause?
squamous cell
What type of bladder cancer does chronic cystitis cause?
squamous cell carcinoma
What type of bladder cancer does long-standing nephrolithiasis cause?
squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most common bacteria to cause cystitis?
E. coli
Other than E. coli, what bacteria can cause cystitis in young, sexually active women?
S. saprophyticus
Which virus can cause hemorrhagic cystitis ?
adenovirus
What bug would give the urine an ammonia scent during cystitis?
Proteus mirabilis
What enzyme would be present in the urine of a person suffering from acute cystitis?
leukocyte esterase
Do nitrites appear for gram positive or gram negative organisms?
gram negative
If a sterile pyuria is found, what two organisms should be considered?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Pyelonephritis effects which part of the kidney?
cortex
What disease can pyelonephritis transition to?
renal papillary necrosis
What type of renal infection can pregnancy cause?
pyelonephritis
What two conditions are most often met for acute pyelonephritis to progress to chronic pyelonephritis?
obstruction
vesiculouretal reflex
Which immune cell in the urine is pathogonomic for acute interstitial nephritis?
eosinophil
How long does it take for acute interstitial nephritis to develop after drug insult?
1-2 weeks
Which four types of drugs can produce Acute Interstitial Nephritis 1-2 weeks after consumption?
penicillins
rifampin
sulfonamides
diuretics
What drugs can produce Acute Interstitial Nephritis months after consumption?
NSAIDs
What are three common presenting symptoms for Acute Interstitial Nephritis?
fever, rash and hematuria
What is the main cause of Diffuse Cortical Necrosis?
deficient arterial perfusion
What two causes contribute to Diffure Cortical Necrosis?
vasospasm and DIC
What obstetric complication can cause Diffuse Cortical Necrosis?
Abruptio placentae
What are two characteristics of the casts seen during Acute Tubular Necrosis?
granular and brown
What electrolyte disturbance would be seen during the initial stage of Acute Tubular Necrosis?
Hyperkalemia
Would Acute Tubular Necrosis produce metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis?
acidosis
Which electrolyte disturbance could a patient with Acute Tubular Necrosis present with if they are in the recovery phase?
hypokalemia
Which chemotherapy drug is particularly nephrotoxic?
Cisplatin
Which class of antibiotics are known to cause Acute Tubular Necrosis?
Aminoglycosides
Which metal is known to cause Acute Tubular Necrosis?
lead
Which kidney pathology do myoglobinuria and hemoglobinuria cause?
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Which drug is known to cause Renal Papillary Necrosis?
long-term phenacetin
In the normal kidney, is BUN or creatinine reabsorbed?
BUN
What causes Prerenal Azotemia?
decreased RBF
What are the two main causes of Intrinsic Renal Failure?
Acute Tubular Necrosis
RPGN
What is cause of post-renal azotemia?
ostruction
What chromosome is PKD1 on? PKD2?
PKD1 = 16
PKD2 = 4
What are three associtions with ADPKD?
berry aneuryms
mitral valve prolapse
benign hepatic cysts
What liver disease is ARPKD associated with? Leading to?
congenital hepatic fibrosis
portal HTN
What can neonatal ARPKD lead to?
Potter Sequence
What is the main use for osmotic diuretics?
decrease intracranial pressure
Would acetazolamide cause the urine to become acidic or basic?
basic
Whould acetazolamide cause acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
What type of acidosis would Acetazolamide cause?
hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
What type of metabolic toxicity would Acetazolamide cause?
hyperammonemia
Which of the four Syndromes can WIlsons Disease cause?
Fanconi Syndrome
Expired tetracyclines are notorious for causing what disease?
Fanconi syndrome
Where in the nephron does Vitamin D cause reabsorption of Calcium?
distal convoluted tubule
Where in the nephron does Vitamin D cause decreased reabsorption of phosphate?
proximal convoluted tubule
What are the three enzymes involved in Phase I metabolism?
p450
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
MAO
What is the mnemonic to remember the causes of hyperkalemia?
DO Insulin LAβ
What is the menmonic to remember the four manifestations of hypercalcemia?
Stones, Boans, Groans and psychiatric overTONES
What are the two metabolic defects associated with Renal Tubular Acidosis?
Hyperchloremic
metabolic acidosis
What is the definition of Renal Tubular Acidosis?
accumulation of acid in the body caused by inability of kidney to properly acidify the urine
What does the pH of the urine have to be during Type I Renal Tubular Acidosis?
> 5.5
What happens to the urine during Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis?
acidified by α-intercalated cells
What type of renal tubular acidosis has an increased risk for hypophosphatemic rickets?
Type 2
Which of the four renal syndromes can cause Type 2 Renal Tubular Acidosis?
Fanconi
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors can cause what type of Renal Tubular Acidosis?
Type 2
What are the three etiologies of Type 4 Renal Tubular Acidosis?
Hypoaldosteronism
aldosterone resistance
K+ sparing diuretics
Would Type 4 Renal Tubular Acidosis result in hyperkalemia or hypokalemia? pH or urine?
Hyperkalemia
pH
Synthesis of what compound is deficient in Renal Tubular Acidosis? What causes the impairment? Where in the nephron?
Ammonia
hyperkalemia
PCT
What are the two most common causes of angiodysplasia?
vWF and ESRD
Would patients with Nephrotic Syndrome present with hyperlipidemia or hypolipidemia?
hyperlipedemia
What type of specific kidney damage would interferon therapy induce?
FSGS
What is the cause of Primary Amyloidosis in the kidney?
multiple myeloma
What is the general cause of Secondary Amyloidosis in the kidney?
Autoimmne disease
Which specific kidney disease would a decrease in levels of circulating nephritic factor be indicative of?
Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis
What type of edema is produced during Nephrotic Syndrome? Nephritic?
Nephrotic = Systemic
Nephritic = periorbital
What immune cell damages the kidney during nephritic syndrome?
neutrophil
Which kidney disease would produce increase in anti-DNase B titers?
PSGN
Which kidney disease would produce a decrease in complement levels?
PSGN
Which two kidney disease can present with both nephritic and nephrotic syndrome?
RPGN
DPGN
What are the two main causes of Diffuse Proliferative Glomerulonephritis?
SLE or MPGN
What are the two components of the immune complex during DPGN?
IgG and C3
What are the five drugs that can cause hyperuricemia?
Furesomide
Thiazide
Niacin
Cyclosporin
Pyrizinamide
Acidic pH causes what type of kidney stone to form?
uric acid
What is the mnemonic for protease positive bugs?
BacK PPUNCHES
What is the B of BacK PPUNCHES
Bacteroides
What is the K of BacK PPUNCHES
Klebsiella
What are the P’s of BacK PPUNCHES?
Proteus
Providencia
What is the U of BacK PPUNCHES
Ureaplasma
What is the N of BacK PPUNCHES
Nocardia
What is the C of BacK PPUNCHES
Cryptococcus
What is the H of BacK PPUNCHES
H. pylori
What is the S of BacK PPUNCHES
S. saprophyticus
What are the two intracellular accumulations of Renal Cell Carcinoma?
lipid and carbohydrates
The three paraneoplastic syndromes associated with Renal Cell Carcinoma are driven by what three cytokines?
EPO
ACTH
PTHrp
What two diseases produce pancreatic cysts?
VHL and ADPKD
Why can chronic kidney disease produce a coagulopathy?
uremia doesnt allow platelets to adhere properly
What parts of the kidney are affected by Chronic Pyelonephritis?
cortex and medulla
Which five OTC drugs are notorious for causing Acute Tubular Necrosis?
Phenacetin
Acetominophen
Caffeine
Codeine
Aspirin
What are the chemical reactions that take place during the Sodium Nitroprusside test for cystinuria?
cyanide converts cystien to cysteine
nitroprusside turns cysteine purple
What molecule do loop diuretics stimulate the synthesis of?
PGE
Where are loops toxic outside of the kidney?
ototoxicity
What drug is used in the place of loop diuretics in the patients with sulfa allergies?
Ethacyrinic acid
What does HTZ do to lipid levels?
hyperlipidemia
What does HTZ do to glucose levels?
hyperglycemia
What does HTZ do to uric levels?
hyperuricemia
What does HTZ do to blood calcium levels levels?
hypercalcemia
Other than amiloride, what drug is the ENaC blocker?
Triamterene
Hyperaldosteronism could be caused by what type of diuretic?
K+ sparing diuretics
Would spironolactone potentially cause acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
Would hyperkalemia cause acidosis or alkalosis? Why?
acidosis
high activity of H+/K+ exchanger
Would loops and thiazides acidosis or alkalosis? Why?
alkalosis
volume contraction causing excess aldosterone release
Would a low potassium state be more likely to produce acidosis or alkalosis?
alkalosis
In what renal situation situation would ACE Inhibitors be contraindicated?
bilateral renal artery stenosis
What four diseases are associated with Horse Shoe Kidney?
Patau
Edward
Down
Turner
What is the normal percentage for filtration fraction?
20%
Where does PTH promote the reabsorption of Calcium in the kidney? What antiporter is used?
DCT
Na+/Ca2+
What does Angiotensin Two inhibit?
reflex bradycardia
Which arteriole of the kidney would constrict during NSAID overdose?
afferent
What type of Renal Tubular Acidosis would chemical damage to proximal convoluted tubule cells cause?
Type 2
What is recombinant BNP?
Nesiritdie
What kind of cancer does Analgesic Nephropathy often cause?
urothelial carcinoma of renal pelvis
In what patient population are pacreatic concretions seen?
alcoholics
What is the posttranslational modification to mallory bodies?
poly-ubiquitinated
What are the two causes of mixed hyperbilirubinemia?
hepatitis and cirrhosis
What are the two electrolyte activities performed by β-intercalated cells?
absorb bicarb
secrete chloride
Would aldosterone antagonists produce acidosis or alkalosis?
acidosis
What type of epithelium lines the cysts during ADPKD?
cuboid epithelium
What kidney disease has subendothelial deposits on EM?
DPGN
What occurs first during Goodpastures Syndrome, pulmonary or renal symptoms?
pulmonary
Why can sarcoidosis cause hypercalcemia?
macrophages can activate 1α-hydroxylase
What molecule gives the glomerulus a negative charge? What part of the nephron?
heparan sulfate
basement membrane
What two features does a child develop who has untreated CKD?
growth retardation
developmental delay
Where in the nephron does PTH function to promote phosphate excretion? Which antiporter?
PCT
Na+/PO4
Where in the nephron does medullary hypertonicity promote water absorption?
descending LoH
Sodium reabsorption is coupled to the loss of which two ions? Where in the kidney does this occur?
potassium and H+
collecing tubule
High sodium flow cause the reabsorption of what ion? What syndrome is this seen?
Ca2+
Gitelman Syndrome
What does hypoosmolarity do to potassium levels in the blood?
hypokalemia
What kidney disease presents with ‘Tram-Track’ appearance?
Type I MPGN
ingrowth of mesangium
Are angiomyolipomas monoclonal or polyclonal?
polyclonal
What is the most adverse effect of streptokinase therapy?
cerebral hemorrhage
Why could a patient taking acetozolamide present with encephalopathy?
alkaline urine promotes neutral charge of ammonia and consequent reabsorption
What drug can abolish the hypertonicity of the medulla?
acetozolamide
Would hyperkalemia cause acidosis or alkalosis? Why?
acidosis
electrolyte exchange
What is the equation for RBF?
RBF = RPF/(1-Hct)
What type of epithelium is found in the thin descending LoH?
squamous
Aldosterone upregulates which two ion transporters? Where are they located?
K+ channels = principal cells
H+ ATPase = intercalated cells
Why do β-blockers cause hyperkalemia?
antagonize Na+/K+ ATPase
Metastatic calcifications are primarily contributed to by what electrolyte disturbance ?
Hyperphosphatemia
Why would metabolic acidosis cause a low pCO2?
increased respiration rate
Why would metabolic alkalosis cause a high pCO2?
decreased respiratory rate
During respiratory acidosis would pCO2 and bicarb be high or low?
high pCO2
high HCO3
During respiratory alkalosis would pCO2 and bicarb be high or low?
low pCO2
low HCO3
What drug is used to treat Serotonin Syndrome? What receptor does this drug antagonize?
Cyproheptadine
5HT2 antagonist
What are the two drugs for Hairy Cell Leukemia?
cladribine
pentostatin
Peyroinne Disease features fibrosis within what structure?
tunica albuginea
What does radiolabeled inulin measure?
extracellular volume
Of the ECF, how much is plasma? How much is interstitial fluid?
plasma = 1/4
interstitial = 3/4
What is used to estimate ERPF?
clearance of PAH
What causes a duplex collecting system?
duplication or ureteric bud
Does hypermagnesia cause hypo or hyper calcium?
hypo
Can malignant HTN cause RBC casts?
yes bitch
Does CD55 block C3 or C9?
C3
Does CD59 block C3 or C9?
C9
Does Buergers Disease present in 2/3 days or 2/3 weeks?
2/3 days
Does PSGN present in 2/3 days or 2/3 weeks?
2/3 weeks
Would Type Two MPGN have high or low C3 levels?
low
Does a Neuroblastoma or Wilms tumor cross the midline?
Neurolastoma
Can bacterial toxins from pyelonephritis cause preterm labor?
yes
