Pharmacology Flashcards
Enzyme kinetics that follow a sigmoidal curve follow what type of kinetics?
Cooperative kinetics
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, what point is on the X-axis less than zero?
-1/K_M
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, what point is on the Y-axis
1/V
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, what is the Y-intercept?
1/Vmax
On a Lineweaver-Burk plot, what equation represents the slope?
Km/Vmax
Which type of inhibitors intercept the Y-axis with the natural agonist?
competitive
Which type of inhibitors do not intercept the Y-axis with the natural agonist?
noncompetitive
How many half lives does it take to reach 90% of steady state concentration?
3.3
Failure of what three organs can lead to decreased drug clearance?
heart, liver, kidneys
What is the equation for maintenance dose?
(desired concentration)(clearance)(interval)/F
What is zero order elimination?
clearance is constant regardless of drug concentration
What class of drugs are weak bases?
amphetamines
What drug is given to treat an amphetamine OD?
ammonium chloride
What three modifications are made during Phase I drug metabolism?
oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
Do the CYP enzymes function during Phase I or Phase II clearance?
phase I
Do elderly patiets lose phase I or Phase II metabolism first?
Phase I
What three modifications are done during Phase II metabolism?
Glucoronidation, Acetylation, Sulfation
Are drugs still often active after Phase I metabolism? Phase II?
Phase I = yes
Phase II = no
What is the equation for therapeutic index?
TD50/ED50
Where are most D2 receptors found?
brain
Where are H1 receptors located?
nasal and bronchi
What do H1 receptors do to the bronchioles?
increase contraction
Where are the V1 receptors? What is their action?
smooth muscle
contraction
What class of drug blocks choline entry into the nerve terminal? What ion is used for this transport?
hemicholiniums
sodium
What drug blocks acetylcholine transport into the vesicle? What ion?
vesamicol
H+
What class of drug prevents vesicular discharge of acetylcholine?
Botulinum
What drug blocks Tyrosine Hydroxylase? What is the normal product of this enzyme?
Metyrosine
DOPA
What drug blocks the incorporation of dopamine into adrenergic vesicles?
reserpine
What are the two drugs that block adrenergic vesicular fusion with the presynaptic cell membrane?
bretylium
Guanethidine
What hormone can increase norepinephrine discharge from adrenergic nerve terminals?
AT II
What are the two uses of bethanechol?
ileus
urinary retention
What is the main use of carbachol?
glaucoma
Which two choline esters are resistant to AchE?
carbachol and bethanechol
Which choline ester has no effect on nicotinic synapses?
bethanechol
Is pilocarpine subject to AchE activity?
No
What are the three uses of neostigmine?
ileus
urinary retention
Myasthenia
Does neostigmine penetrate the CNS?
no
What AchE Inhibitor can cross the BBB?
physostigmine
What is the clinical use of pyridostigmine?
Long-term Tx of Myasthenia
What are the three AchE inhibitors for Alzheimers?
Donepezil
RIvastigmine
Galantamine
What is the clinical use of edrophoniium?
Tx of Myasthenia
What three diseases can be exacerbated by choline esters?
COPD
asthma
peptic ulcers
What are the three ocular muscarinic antagonists? Two effects?
Atropine/Hometropine/Tropicamide
mydriasis and cycloplegia
What disease is Benztropine used to Tx?
Parkinsons
What is scopolamine used to Tx?
motion sickness
What is Ipratropium used to treat?
COPD
What type of glaucoma would excessive mydriasis cause?
closed angle
What receptor does epinephrine activate at high doses?
α
What three receptors, in decreasing order, does norepinephrine activate?
α1 > α2 > β1
What two receptors does isoproterenol activate?
β1 = β2
What three receptors, in dose order, can dopamine activate?
D1 = D2 > β1
What is albuterol used for?
acute asthma
What are the two mechanisms of amphetamines?
inhibit reuptake
displace adrenergic catecholamines
Wat drug is used to treat HTN in pregnancy?
α-methyldopa
What anti-HTN drug can cause a Warm Agglutinin test?
α-methyldopa
What is the drug of choice for a pheochromocytoma?
Phenoxybenzamine
What drug is given to pt’s on MAOIs who eat fermented cheese?
phentolamine
Which β-blocker is used for glaucoma?
Timolol
Which β-blocker can cause dyslipidemias?
Metoprolol
Which three β-blockers are used in the event of an acute MI?
metoprolol, carvedilol, bisoprolol
Which β-blocker can β1 and stimulate β3? What does stimulation of β3 do?
Nebivolol
production of NO
Why does atropie cause hyperthermia?
inhibits sweating
What molecule does acetominophen overdose destroy?
glutathione
What is the antidote for acetominophen overdose?
N-acetylcysteine
What is antidote for amphetamine OD?
NH4Cl
What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?
Flumazenil
What is the antidote for β-blocker OD?
glucagon
What is the treatment for Carbon Monoxide poisoning?
100% O2
What metals can penicillamine chelate?
copper, arsenic and gold
What are the three treatments, in order, for an overdose of cyanide?
nitrite + thiosulfate then hydroxycobalamin
What are the two chelators for iron?
DeFERoxamine and deFERasirox
What are the four chelators for lead?
EDTA, Dimercaprol, Succimer, Penicillamine
What metals can dimercaprole chelate?
mercury, arsenic, gold
What drug is used to treat methylene or ethylene glycol poisoning?
Fomepizole
What are the two antidotes for methemoglobin?
methylene blue and Vitamin C
What is the antidote for opioids?
Naloxone
What is the treatment for salicyclates?
NaHCO3
What is the treatment for tPA, streptokinase or urokinase?
aminocaproic acid
What is the treatment for warfarin OD?
vitamin K
What three drugs can cause coronary vasospasm?
Cocaine, Sumatriptan, Ergot alkaloids
What four drugs are known to cause cutaneous flushing?
vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, calcium channel blockers
What two drugs are known to cause dilated cardiomyopathy?
doxorubicin, daunorubicin
What two classes of antiarrythmics are known to cause TdP?
Class III
Class Ia
What family of antibiotics are known to cause TdP?
Macrolide
What two drugs cause hot flashes?
Tamoxifen
Clomiphene
What are the six drugs that can cause hyperglycemia?
tacrolimus
protease inhibitors
Niacin
HCTZ
Beta-blockers
corticosteroids
What is the Mnemonic to remember the six drugs that can cause hyperglycemia?
Taking Pills Necessitates Having Blood Checked
What drugs can cause hypothyroidism?
Lithium, Amiodarone, Sulfonamides
What drug can cause acute cholestatic hepatitis?
erythromycin
What is the Mnenomic for the drugs that may cause diarrhea?
Might Excite Colon On Accident
What are the five drugs that may cause diarrhea?
Metformin, Erythromycin, Colchicine, Orlistat, Acarbose
What is the mnemonic to remeber the drugs that cause cause focal to massive hepatic necrosis?
Liver ‘HAVAc’
What four drugs can cause massive hepatic necrosis?
Halothane, Amanita, Valproic Acid, Acetominophin
What is the mnenomic to remember the drugs that cause pancreatitis?
Drugs Causing A Violent Abdominal Distress
What are the six drugs that can cause pancreatitis?
Didanosine, Corticosteroids, Alcohol, Valproic Acid, Azathioprine, Diuretics
What are the three drugs known to cause pseudomembrane colitis?
Clindamycin, Ampicillin, Cephalosporin
What is the Mnemonic to remember drugs that can cause agranulocytosis?
Drugs CCCrush Myeblasts and Promyelocytes
What is the drug of Drugs CCCrush Myeblasts and Promyelocytes?
dapsone
What are the three C’s of Drugs CCCrush Myeblasts and Promyelocytes?
Clozapine
Carbamezapine
Colchicine
What is the M of Drugs CCCrush Myeblasts and Promyelocytes? What is the MOA of this drug?
Methimazole
inhibits thyroid peroxidase
What is the P of Drugs CCCrush Myeblasts and Promyelocytes? What is the MOA of this drug?
Propylthiouracil
inhibits thyroid peroxidase
What is the mnemonic for drugs that cause aplastic anemia?
Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly
What is the C of Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly?
Carbamazepine
What is the M of Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly?
Methimazole
What is the N of Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly?
NSAIDs
What is the B of Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly?
benzene
What is the C of Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly?
chloramphenicol
What is the P of Cant Make New Blood Cells Properly?
propylthiouracil
What two drugs can give a positive coombs test?
methyldopa and penicillin
What drug causes Gray baby syndrome?
chloramphenicol
What three drugs can cause a megaloblastic anemia?
Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa
What two drugs can cause thrombocytopenia?
heparin and cimetidine
What is the mnemonic to remember the drugs that can exacerbate G6PDase deficiency?
IS D PAIN
What is the I of IS D PAIN?
isoniazid
What is the S of IS D PAIN?
Sulfonamides
What is the D of IS D PAIN?
dapsone
What is the P of IS D PAIN?
primaquine
What is the A of IS D PAIN?
Aspirin
What is the I of IS D PAIN?
Ibuprofen
What is the N of IS D PAIN?
Nitrofurantoin
What two drugs can cause fat redistribution?
Protease Inhibitors
Glucocorticoids
What four drugs can cause gingival hyperplasia?
phenytoin, verapamil, cyclosporine, nifedipine
What is the Mnemonic to remember the drugs that can cause hyperuricemia?
Painful Tophi Need Foot Care
What five drugs can cause hyperuricemia?
Pyrazinamide
Thiazides
Niacin
Furesomide
Cyclosporine
What two drugs are known to cause osteoporosis?
corticosteroids and heparin
What is the Mnemonic to remember the drugs that can cause photosensitivity?
SAT for Photo
Which five drugs cause photosensitivity?
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetracyclines
5-FU
What four types of drugs can cause Steven Johnsons Syndrome?
anti-Epileptics
Allopurinol
Sulfa drugs
Penicillin
What is the Mnemonic to remember the drugs that can cause SLE-like symptoms?
SHIPP-E
What are the six drugs that can cause lupus like syndromes?
Sulfa
hydralazine
Isoniazid
Procainamide
Phenytoin
Etanercept
What drug can discolor teeth?
tetracyclines
What drug can cause tendonitis, tendon rupture or cartilage damage?
Fluroquinolones
What two drugs cause Cinchoism?
Quinidie and quinine
What three drugs can produce Parkinsons like symptoms?
Anti-psychotics, Reserpine, Metoclopromide
What is the Mnenomic to remember the drugs that cause seizures?
I BITE My (tongue)
What six drugs cause seizures?
Isoniazid
Bupropion
Imipenem/Cilastatin
Tramadol
Enflurane
Metoclopromide
What two drugs are known to cause diabetes insipidus?
lithium and demeclocycline
What specific drug is known to cause Fanconi Syndrome?
expired tetracyclines
What two drugs are known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
cyclophosphamide
ifosfamide
What three drugs are known to cause interstitial nephritis?
Methicillin
NSAIDs
Furesomide
What three drugs are known to cause SIADH?
Carbamazepine
Cyclophosphamide
SSRI
What four drugs are known to cause pulmonary fibrosis?
bleomycin
busulfan
amiodarone
methotrexate
What four drugs are known to exert anti-muscarinic properties?
Atropine
tricyclics
H1 antagonists
antipsychotics
What four drugs are known to cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?
Aminoglycosides
Cisplatin
Vancomycin
Loop diuretics
What drugs act as p450 inducers?
chronic alcohol
modafinil
St. johns wort
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Nevirapine
Rifampin
Griseofulvin
Carbamezapine
What are the p450 inducers?
anti-epileptics
anti-psychotics
antidepressants
anesthetics
theophylline
warfarin
statins
OCPs
What are the p450 inhibitors?
Acute alcohol
Gemfibrozil
Ciprofloxacin
isoniazid
grapefruit juice
quinidine
amiodarone
ketaconazole
macrolides
Sulonamides
Cimetidine
Ritonavir
What are the eight sulfa drugs?
Probenicid
fureosomide
acetlzolamide
Celecoxbin
thiazides
sulfonamide
sulfasalazine
sulfonylureas
What are the drugs of Peas and WHEATS?
phenyton/phenylbutazone
Warfarin
heparin
ethanol
aspirin
theophylline/tolbutamide
salicyclates
What drug is used pre-op to reduce airway secretions?
Glycopyrrolate
What plant can atropine be isolated from?
Jimson
What is the use of salmeterol? Which receptor?
long-term treatment of COPD
β2
What is the MOA of Mirtazapine? What is the clinical use of mirtazapine?
α2 blocker
depression
What are the three genitourinary muscarinic antagonists
oxybutynin
darifenacin
solifenacin
Name a plant that has muscarine in it?
Jimson weed
What is the biggest difference between amphetamine and ephedrine?
ephedrine isnt a reuptake inhibitor
What drug is used to treat antimuscarinic overdose?
physostigmine
What are two locations where scombroid toxin may be found?
tuna and mackerel
What fish toxin is histamine associated with?
Scombroid
What drug can produce ovulation?
clomiphene
What does the permissive effect mean?
one drug is needed for the other drug to achieve maximum effect
In liver and renal disease, what happens to the loading dose?
stays the same
In liver and renal disease, what happens to the maintenance dose?
decreases
Which adrenergic receptor does cortisol up-regulate?
alpha-one
What does the blood/gas partition coefficient measure?
solubility in blood
What receptor is present on sweat glands?
muscarinic acetylcholine
What substance does capsacin deplete?
Substance P
What two senses is Neuropeptide Y implicated in?
pain and appetite
Which adrenergic receptor decreases insulin release?
alpha-two
Which adrenergic receptor increases platelet aggregation?
alpha-two
Which adrenergic receptor increases aqueous humor synthesis?
beta-two
Which three ions are nicotonic acetylcholine receptors permeable to?
sodium
potassium
calcium
What two tissues does bethanechol activate?
bladder and bowel
Which cholinomimetic can be used for both types of glaucoma?
Pilocarpine
What is the toxicity of the mnemonic PQRST?
phototoxicity
What does PQRST stand for?
Psoralen/phenothiazine
Quinolones
Retinoids
Sulfonamides
tetracyclines
What type of drug is tolterodine?
muscarinic antagonist
What is tolterodine used to treat?
neurogenic bladder
What will a lesion above the sacrum to do the bladder?
over-active bladder
What will a lesion at the sacrum to do the bladder?
areflexic bladder
What are the two anti-spasmodics for IBS?
hyoscyamine
dicyclomine
Does dobutamine have a higher inotropic or chronotropic effect?
inotropic
How does latanoprost aid in the Tx of glaucoma?
increase outflow
Does clonidine decrease renal blood flow?
no
What does the Spare Receptor Theory say?
irreversible antagonist will produce a right shift
What is the MOA of Ciguatoxin? Tx?
opens sodium channels
supportive
What do alpha-agonists do to venous return?
increase
What enzymatic ativity does scombroid have?
histadine decarboxylase
What reaction does scombroid toxin catalyze?
histidine to histamine
Name six drugs that cause Gynecomastia?
Spironolactone
Digitalis
Cimetidine
Risperidone
Alcohol
Ketoconazole
Which Hepatic Zone does acetominophen affect?
three
What is the MOA of Black Widow Spider toxin?
increase presynaptic release of Ach
