Renal 2b Flashcards
What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia in outpatients? Inpatients?
Hyperparathyroidism.
Malignancy (multiple myeloma)
What is the pneumonic for hypercalcemia symptoms?
Stones, Groans, Thrones and Psychic Overtones.
What drug can treat hypercalcemia?
Loop diuretics (lasix) and IVF.
“Loops Lose Calcium”
What are 3 signs of hypocalcemia?
a. perioral numbness
b. tetany
c. Chvostek sign (abnormal reaction to facial stimulation)
What are 3 causes of hypocalcemia?
a. thyroidectomy… the parathyroid is removed by accident.
b. post-transfusion: citrate and Ca++ bind, effective low Ca++
c. low D = low Ca++
What can be a cause of low D?
renal failure.
What can be a cause of low D?
renal failure.
How does spironolactone work?
It competitively binds to aldosterone receptors knocking them out.
How does spironolactone work?
It competitively binds to aldosterone receptors knocking them out.
Where do the kidneys and ureters come from?
intermediate mesoderm
Where does the bladder come from?
endoderm (cloaca)
What does metanephric kidney development begin/end?
Week 4 to week 36.
What is the metanephric kidney rudiment composed?
the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme.
What two things have a very important reciprocal relationship that is essential for their development?
a. ureteric bud
b. metanephric mesenchyme
What ureteric bud gives rise to what?
a. renal collecting system
b. renal pelvis
c. calyces
d. ureter
The metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to what?
a. nephron segments
b. renal corpuscle
c. DCT
What is the definition of CAKUT?
correlation of UT defects with stages of UT development.
How can thiazide help with kidney stones?
It reduces the amount of Ca++ in the urine.
What are the consequences of renal failure?
MAD HUNGER -Metabolic Acidosis -Dyslipidemia (especially triglycerides) -Hyperkalemia -Uremia (nausea, anorexia, pericarditis, encephalopathy) -Na/H2O retention -Growth retardation -Erythropoietin failure -Renal osteodystrophy
How do Ca and Mg get into the cell in the proximal tubule?
paracellular
How do Ca and Mg get into the cell in the TALH?
paracellular
How do Ca and Mg get into the cell in the distal nephron?
Apical side: channels
Basolateral: Na/Ca exchang (ATP), Ca-ATPase, and unknown Mg transporter.
