GI1a

Question 1

What are the two channels that are used to get transport Cl- from the cell body into the lumen?

Answer 1

CFTR

ano1

Question 2

What regulates the CFTR and ano1 channels?

Answer 2

CFTR: cAMP

ano1: IP3 > Ca++ > ano1

Question 3

What three glands secrete saliva?

Answer 3

a. parotid
b. mandibular
c. sublingual

Question 4

What type of saliva, and what percent, do the sublingual, parotid and mandibular glands secrete?

Answer 4

parotid: watery, 25%
mandibular: mixed, 70%
sublingual: mucous, 5%

Question 5

Does the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system control salivation? What receptors are used?

Answer 5

They are both used!

Parasympathetic: ACh > muscarinic receptor, IP3/Ca++

Sympathetic: NE > beta > cAMP

Question 6

What cells secrete the fluid in the intestine?

Answer 6

Crypt Cells

Question 7

What are the 3 rules of fluid reabsorption?

Answer 7

a. drive by active transport of Na+
b. Cl- follows Na+
c. water follows NaCl

Question 8

During reabsorption, what is coupled with Na+?

Answer 8

Glucose and AAs.

Question 9

Does Na follow Cl, or vice versa?

Answer 9

Secretion: Na follows Cl

Absorption: Cl follows Na

Question 10

What are the 5 ways to test for colon cancer?

Answer 10

a. fecal occult blood testing
b. sigmoidoscopy
c. colonoscopy
d. virtual colonoscopy
e. genetic based stool testing

Question 11

What are three types of poly shapes?

Answer 11

a. pedunculated: mushroom
b. sessile: just the mushroom cap
c. flat: height < 1/2 diameter

Question 12

What are 4 genetic/chromosomal changes associated with colon cancer?

Answer 12

a. APC
b. P53
c. Kras
d. Chromosome 18

Question 13

What are two types of inherited adenomatous polyp syndromes?

Answer 13

a. familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

b. Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC)

Question 14

What gene is associated with FAP? Lynch Syndrome?

Answer 14

FAP: APC

Lynch: MMR

Question 15

Lynch is associated with germline mutations in any one of which 5 genes?

Answer 15

a. MSH 2
b. MSH 6
c. MLH1
d. PMS1
e. PMS2

Question 16

Where do Lynch symptoms first appear? Second?

Answer 16

Colon.

Extra-intestinal (uterus, ovary, stomach, ureter, pancreas, etc.)

Question 17

What does GLUT5 transport? GLUT2? sglt1?

Answer 17

GLUT5: fructose
GLUT2: fructose and glucose
sglt1: glucose, galactose and Na+

Question 18

What is the enzyme that turns trypsinogen into trypsin?

Answer 18

enterokinase.

Question 19

Creatinine is the breakdown product of what? Which is the breakdown product of what?

Answer 19

Lean muscle > creatine > creatinine

Question 20

What “-lase” is contained in the watery (serous) secretions?

Answer 20

alpha-amylase

Question 21

Does a low flow rate result in a high or low tonicity in the salivary ducts?

Answer 21

Low flow = Low To-nicty

Question 22

What genetic marker is occurs in 100% of celiac patients and 20-40% of the general population?

Answer 22

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8

Question 23

What are the three most important stimulants of gastrin secretion?

Answer 23

a. distention
b. AAs
c. peptides

Question 24

What two neurotransmitters cause the release of gastrin?

Answer 24

a. Ach

b. GRP

Question 25

What inhibits gastrin release? What inhibits this inhibitor?

Answer 25

Somatostatin. This is inhibited by low pH and parasympathetics.

Question 26

What is the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

Answer 26

Tumors that secrete gastrin (gastromas). This leads to steatorrhea.

Question 27

What does CCK do to the gallbladders?

Answer 27

Causes it to contract and causes the sphincter of Oddi to release.