Lung 2b Flashcards
What are the risk factors for PE?
a. obesity
b. stasis
c. hx of a previous PE
d. hypercoaguability
e. smoking
f. oral contraceptives
What is the histological manifestation of ARDS?
diffuse alveolar damage with hyaline membrane
In the ARDS repairs phase, what are two histological markers?
a. type II pneumocytes
b. hyaline membranes
What increases risk of ARDS?
sepsis, diffuse pulmonary infections, compromised immune system, chemical injury, pacreatitis, etc.
What is the mechanism of ARDS?
endo- or epithelial damage creates an inflammatory cascade that involes IL-8, IL-1, TNF (released from macs) and leukotrienes and proteases (from neutrophils) that make the capillaries leaky.
What are the 5 classes of PH?
a. PAH where only small pulmonary arteries are affected.
b. PH due to LH failure
c. PH from lung parenchymal diseases
d. chronic thromboembolic events
e. PH of multifactorial reasons
What is cor pulmonale
hypertrophy of the right ventricle
What are the 4 types of emphysema?
a. panacinar
b. centricacinar
c. distal acinar
d. irregular
What are the 3 types of mutations associated with Adenocarcinoma?
a. EGFR
b. kRAS
c. ALK
Which form of cancer has keratin pearls and intercellular bridges?
squamous cell carcinoma.
Which form of lung cancer is most aggressive?
small cell carcinoma.
What is a pancoast tumor, and what syndrome might it cause?
A tumor that occurs in the apex of the lung. If it affects the cervical sympathetic plexus is can cause Horner’s Syndrome (meiosis, ptosis, anhidrosis).
Which diseases have non-caseating granulomas, and which has a caseating granuloma?
non: sarcoidosis, hyper-sensitivity pneumonitis
caseating: TB
Why does max. expiratory flow rate increase in fibrotic lung disease?
Increased radial traction keeps the lumen of the airways more open.
What is the difference between the epithelial and endothelial cells?
Epi: in the alveoli
Endo: in the capillaries
What is a metabolic method of compensation with increased PCO2 retention?
The kidneys start to retain bicarb.
What are the different blood supplies for the parietal and visceral pleura?
parietal: various systemic arteries
visceral: bronchial and pulmonary arteries
Where does the parietal and visceral pleura drain into?
parietal: SVC
visceral: pulmonary vein
Which is better innervated, parietal or visceral pleura? What innervates it?
Parietal. (Visceral is poorly innervated and is insensitive to pain and touch.)
Costal segments innervated by intercostal nerves. Diaphragm by phrenic nerve.
Does pleural effusion cause an increase or decrease in breath sounds? Does it cause fremitus (“Ninety-Nin”)?
Decrease in breath sounds.
Yes, there is fremitus.
What is the most common CXR finding concurrent with asbestos exposure?
Pleural plaques.
What are the three disease of the pleura?
a. pleural effusion
b. pneumothorax
c. mesothelioma
