radiology and ultrasound Flashcards
which unit of measure quantifies occupational exposure to electromagnetic radiation
Rem (radiation equivalent)
yearly max 5 rem
pregnant/fetus: .5rem/year or .05rem/month
roentgen (R)
unit of radiation exposure
Rad
radiation absorbed dose/amount of radiation received by individual
Curie (Ci)
quantity of radioactive material
describe xrays
short wavelength, high frequency ionizing radiation that penetrate matter at the molecular level
-can damage cellular components (DNA/RNA), cause reactive oxidizes species, and predispose someone to cancer
effective barriers between X-rays or gamma rays
lead or concrete
very high sensitivity to biological effects of EMR
bone marrow
intestinal epithelium
reproductive cells
fetal tissue
high sensitivity to biological effects of EMR
optic lens
thyroid epithelium
mucous membranes
medium sensitivity to biological effects of EMR
glial cells
liver
lung
pancreas
low sensitivity to biological effects of EMR
mature RBC’s, bone, cartilage
3 ways to limit radiation exposure
distance (6ft)
duration
shielding
review parts of normal CXR
review A part of ABCDEFGHI approach
assessment of quality and airway
airway: trachea, carina, mainstem bronchi, ETT
PIER: position, inspiration, exposure, rotation
adequate inspiration on X-ray is determined by ID’ing right hemidiaphragm at 9th or 10th rib counted posteriorly
review B part of ABCDEFGHI approach
bones examination for symmetry and fractures. examine for foreign bodies and SQ air
review C part of ABCDEFGHI approach
cardiac
normal: width of heart is less then 50% the width of the thorax (PA) and 60% (AP)
PA view most accurate assessment of heart size
ID RA, ascending aorta, aortic arch, pulmonary arteries, LV borders
review D part of ABCDEFGHI approach
diaphragm
-right is usually higher than left due to liver
-bilateral flattening consistent with chronic COPD or asthma (picture)
-look for air
review E part of ABCDEFGHI approach
effusions
-costophrenic angles are formed where chest wall and diaphragm meet. sharp, clearly defined angles are normal while blunted angles signify effusions
-effusions tend to rise higher on sides creating a U shape- also need to verify with a lateral angle
review F part of ABCDEFGHI approach
fields, fissures, foreign bodies
-infiltrates, masses, consolidation, PTX, vascular markings
-interstitial pulmonary edema ex LV failure is characterized by peribronchial cuffing and/or linear patterns (Kerley lines)
-kerley A lines are 2-6cm oblique lines in upper lobes, kerley B lines are 1.5-2cm horizontal lines in lung periphery
review G part of ABCDEFGHI approach
great vessels and gastric bubble
-size and shape of aorta as well as outline of pulmonary vessels.
-aortic knob (distal aortic arch that becomes descending thoracic aorta)
-gastric bubble is radiolucent region under left hemidiaphragm caused by gas in fundus of stomach
what causes enlargement of aortic knob (4)
aortic dissection, valvular insufficiency, PDA, or severe TOF
review H part of ABCDEFGHI approach
hila and mediastinum
-hila consist of major pulmonary vessels and bronchi
-eval mediastinum for widening (aortic dissection) or tracheal deviation
review I part of ABCDEFGHI approach
impression overall- synthesize findings
what type of appliance is present on this xray
PAC and ETT