Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Apex Flashcards > brain > Flashcards

brain Flashcards

1
Q

ID the 12 cranial nerves and their function

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CN 1 bedside test

A

olfactory (sensory) smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CN 2 bedside test

A

optic (sensory) vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CN 3 bedside test

A

oculomotor (motor) eye movement, pupil constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CN 4 bedside test

A

trochlear (motor) eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CN 5 bedside tests

A

trigeminal (both)
V1 ophthalmic: somatic sensation to the face
V2 maxillary: somatic sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue
V3 mandibular: muscles of mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CN 6 bedside test

A

abducens (motor) eye movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CN 7 bedside test

A

facial (both)
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
facial movement except mastication, eyelid closing, taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CN 8 bedside test

A

vestibulocochlear (sensory) hearing and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CN 9 bedside test

A

glossopharyngeal (both) somatic sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CN 10 bedside test

A

vagus (both) swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

CN 11 bedside test

A

accessory (motor) shoulder shrug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CN 12 bedside test

A

hypoglossal (motor) tongue movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mnemonic for sensory and motor

A

some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ID the eye muscles controlled by CN 3 and what they do

A

superior rectus- supraduction
medial rectus: adduction
inferior oblique: extorsion- elevation
inferior rectus- infraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ID the eye muscles controlled by CN4 and CN 6 and what they do

A

superior oblique- intorsion, depression
lateral rectus- adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cranial nerve surrounded by dura

A

CN2 because its not a part of the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mnemonic for 5 branches of facial nerve

A

the zebra bit my carrot
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bells palsy results from injury to which CN

A

7 (causes ipsilateral facial paralysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PSNS output carried by CN’s

A

3,7,9,10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what forms the grey matter and what forms the white matter on a neuron

A

cell bodies form grey matter while axons form white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ID these parts of the neuron
soma
axon hillock
dendrites
axon
myelin
nodes of ranvier
presynaptic terminal

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 types of neurons found in CNS

A
  1. multipolar (most of CNS neurons)
  2. pseudo unipolar (dorsal root ganglion, cranial ganglion)
  3. bipolar (retina, ear)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glial cells support neuronal function by

A

creating healthy ionic environment
modulating nerve conduction
controlling reuptake of NT’s
repairing neurons following neuronal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

type of glial cell
function

A

astrocytes
most abundant type
regulation of metabolic environment
repair neuron after neuronal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

type of glial cell
function

A

ependymal cells
concentrated in roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles of spinal canal
form the choroid plexus which produces CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

type of glial cell
function

A

oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath in CNS
(schwann cells form myelin sheath in PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

type of glial cell
function

A

microglia
act as macrophages and phagocytize neuronal debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

most brain tumors arise from

A

glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

4 lobes and cortex it contains

A
  1. frontal contains motor cortex
  2. parietal contains somatic sensory cortex
  3. occipital contains vision cortex
  4. temporal contains auditory cortex and speech centers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

wernickes area versus brocas area

A

wernickes: understanding speech
brocas: motor control of speech (in front lobe but is connected to wernickes area via neuronal pathways)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

cerebral hemispheres contain the following structures (4 and what they do)

A

cerebral cortex: cognition, movement, sensation
hippocampus: memory and learning
amygdala: emotion, appetite, responds to pain and stressors
basal ganglia: fine control of movement. caudate nucleus, globus pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

2 structures in diencephalon and what they do

A

thalamus: acts as a relay station that directs information to various cortical structures
hypothalamus: primary neurohumoral organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

4 structures in brain stem and what they do

A

midbrain: auditory and visual tracts
pons: autonomic integration
reticular activating system: controls consciousness, arousal, and sleep
medulla: autonomic integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 parts of cerebellum and what they do

A

archicerebellum: maintains equillibrium
paleocerebellum: regulates muscle tone
neocerebellum: coordinates voluntary muscle movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

CSF volume

A

~150mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

SG of CSF

A

1.002-1.009

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

CSF is produced by __________ at a rate of

A

empendymal cells of choroid plexus at a rate of 30mL/h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the choroid plexus is located in

A

all 4 cerebral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

CSF pressure

A

5-15mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CSF site of reabsorption

A

arachnoid villi at superior saggital sinus
-reabsorption is dependent on pressure gradient between CSF and venous circulation

42
Q

CSF flow in the brain

A

lateral ventricles
Monroe (foramen)
3rd ventricle
sylvius (aqueduct)
4th ventricle
luschka
magendie

43
Q

CSF is isotonic with

A

plasma (but is not an ultrafiltrate of the plasma)

44
Q

compare CSF v plasma
osmolarity
Na (mEq/L)
K (mEq/L)
Cl- (mEq/L)
HCO3- (mEq/L)
PaCO2 (mmHg)
pH
glucose (mg/dL)
protein (mg/dL)

A
45
Q

2 types of hydrocephalus

A
  1. obstructive hydrocephalus: obstruction to CSF flow in ventricular system (most common)
  2. communicating hydrocephalus: decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid villi (ex ICH) or overproduction of CSF (very rare)
46
Q

ID the curves on this graph
(ICP, PaO2, CPP, PaCO2)

A
47
Q

CPP=
and normal global value

A

CBF/CVR
normal global value: 45-55mL/100g tissue/min or 15% of CO

48
Q

critical thresholds for global CBF include (3)

A

~20mL/100g tissue/min –> evidence of ischemia
~15mL/100g tissue/min –> complete cortical supprssion
<15mL/100g tissue/min –>membrane failure and cell death

49
Q

normal CMRO2 and what is coupled to it

A

CMRO2 3-3.8mL/O2/100g brain tissue/min
CBF is coupled to it

50
Q

CMRO2 decreases by what % for every 1 degree celsius drop in temperature? when does EEG suppression occur?

A

7% drop for every 1 degree celsius drop in temp
EEG suppression occurs 18-20c

51
Q

CMRO2 is decreased by (5)

A

hypothermia, halogenated anesthetics, propofol, etomidate, barbiturates

52
Q

describe the relationship between CBF and volatiles

A

uncouples CBF from CMRO2 which explains why CBF increases but cerebral metabolism decreases

53
Q

how to improve patient outcomes when they suffer from anoxic brain injury

A

decrease CMRO2 by cooling patient between 32-24c for 12-24h after hospital admission

54
Q

what increases CMRO2 (4) and what is the temp threshold where CBF starts to decrease

A

increased by hyperthermia, seizures, ketamine, nitrous oxide
at 42c, proteins are denatured, neurons destroyed, CBF starts to decrease

55
Q

brain auto regulates CBF between CPP of what or MAP of what

A

CPP 50-150, MAP 60-160

56
Q

CPP=

A

MAP-ICP (or CVP, whichever is higher)

57
Q

how does chronic systemic HTN affect cerebral auto regulation curve

A

traditional: shift to the right
contemporary: plateau of curve narrows and CBF becomes more closely dependent on CPP

58
Q

at a PaCO2 of 40mmHg, global CBF is ____________

A

50mL/100g brain tissue/min

59
Q

for every 1mmHg increase in PaCO2, CBF will increase by
for every 1 mmHg decrease in PaCO2, CBF will decrease by

A

1-2mL/100g brain tissue/min

60
Q

max vasodilation occurs at PaCO2

A

80-100mmHg

61
Q

max vasoconstriction occurs at PaCO2

A

~25mmHg

62
Q

theres a linear relationship between PaCO2 and

A

CBF

63
Q

pH of CSF controls

A

cerebral vascular resistance
decreased CSF pH (aka increased PaCO2) decreases CVR and increases CBF aka resp acidosis increases CBF

64
Q

does metabolic acidosis directly affect CBF

A

no because H+ in blood does not pass through BBB

65
Q

why does the steal phenomena occur

A

CBV that have healthy brain tissue have vascular tone (they alter based on PaCO2). ischemic or atherosclerotic vessels are maximally dilated.
vasodilating healthy tissue “steals” BF away from ischemic areas. called cerebral steal

66
Q

describe inverse steal or robin hood effect

A

concept of using hyperventilation to constrict the healthy BV’s that supply brain tissue. the idea is the flow will be re distributed to ischemic regions that are already maximally dilated

67
Q

PaO2 below ________ causes cerebral vasodilation and increases CBF

A

50-60mmHg

68
Q

when PaO2 is above ______, CBF is unaffected by PaO2

A

60mmHg

69
Q

what is the consequence of increased venous pressure in the brain

A

reduces cerebral venous drainage and increases cerebral volume. reduces arterial/venous pressure gradient (MAP/CVP)

70
Q

conditions that impair venous drainage include (4)

A

jugular compression due to improper head positioning (head flexion in sitting position)
increased ITP secondary to coughing or PEEP
vena cava thrombosis
vena cava syndrome

71
Q

fixed and dilated pupil suggests herniation of the

A

temporal uncus (number 3 on the image, CN 3)

72
Q

cerebral HTN occurs if ICP >

A

20mmHg

73
Q

gold standard of ICP measurement

A

intraventricular catheter

74
Q

ICP measurement is indicated with a GCS <

A

7

75
Q

s/sx of intracranial HTN

A

HA, n/v, papilledema (swelling of optic nerve), pupil dilation and non reactivity to light, focal neurological deficit, seizures, coma

76
Q

monroe kelli doctrine

A

brain, blood, CSF

77
Q

at lower CPP’s, CSF is shunted towards

A

spinal cord

78
Q

cushings triad

A

HTN (to maintain CPP)
bradycardia (baroreceptor reflex from HTN)
irregular respirations (compression of medulla)

79
Q

ways to decrease CBF/CBV (6)

A

-hyperventilation (PaCO2 30-35mmHg)
(<30 increases the risk of cerebral ischemia d/t vasoconstriction and shifting oxyHGB curve to the left)
-avoid hypoxemia (PaO2 50-60mmHg greatly increases ICP and CBF)
-avoid cerebral vasodilators
-neo to maintain CPP
-increase venous outflow (head elevation >30 degrees helps)
-reduce ITP (dont do high PEEP)

80
Q

how long do the effects of hyperventilation last

A

only 6-20 hours because the pH of CSF equilibrates with PaCO2

81
Q

is PaCO2 response reserved in the traumatized brain

A

yes

82
Q

how to reduce CSF

A

-can drain if theres an obstruction such as hydrocephalus
-acute tx: drain placed in lateral ventricles or intrathecal space improves ICP by reducing CSF volume
-chronic tx: shunt VP or VA (atrium)
-acetazolamide and furosemide decrease CSF production

83
Q

how to reduce cerebral mass

A

tumor debunking or reducing cerebral edema with diuretics (mannitol)

84
Q

how to achieve cerebral edema reduction (2 categories with subcategories)

A

diuretics
-loop diretics (also decrease CSF production)
-osmotic diuretics (increases osmolarity, .25-1g/kg)
-3% NaCl (not technically a diuretic)
corticosteroids
-dexamethasone and methylprednisolone reduce cerebral edema caused by mass lesions
-corticosteroids do cause hyperglycemia which is muy malo
-steroids are also used for SCI

85
Q

mannitol in the setting of a disrupted BBB

A

mannitol will then enter the brain and increase cerebral edema

86
Q

steroids should not be used for

A

TBI or functional pituitary adenoma

87
Q

cerebrovascular artery that is not paired

A

basilar artery

88
Q

ID anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery

A
89
Q

which arteries supply anterior circulation, where do they enter the skull, and what is the path to the cerebral hemispheres

A

internal carotid arteries, enter skull through foramen lacerum

aorta–>carotid a–>internal carotid a–>circle of willis–> cerebral hemispheres

90
Q

which arteries supply posterior circulation, where do they enter the skull, and what is the path to the cerebral hemispheres

A

vertebral arteries, enter skull through foramen magnum

aorta–> subclavian a–>vertebral a–> basilar a–>posterior fossa structures and cervical spinal cord

91
Q

where on this image is the circle of willis

A

hoe, its in the circle. get your shit together

92
Q

cerebral venous circulation can be divided into two separate circulations. where does blood from cerebral cortex and cerebellum drain

A

via superior saggital sinus and dorsal sinus

93
Q

cerebral venous circulation can be divided into two separate circulations. where does blood from basal brain structures drains

A

via inferior saggital sinus, vein of galen, and straight sinuses

94
Q

both venous pathways converge at the

A

confluence of sinuses

95
Q

all venous blood exits brain via

A

paired jugular veins

95
Q

all venous blood exits brain via

A

paired jugular veins

96
Q

eye movement is controlled by which cranial nerves

A

3 (responsible for the rectus’ and inferior oblique)
4 (superior oblique)
6

97
Q

bells palsy is which nerve

A

CN7

98
Q

where in the brain is the BBB not present?

A

CTZ
hypothalamus
pineal gland
posterior pituitary gland
choroid plexus

99
Q

ID most common site of herniation in this photo

A

3 (temporal uncus)
manifests as fixed and dilated pupil because this herniation compresses CN3

Apex Flashcards (71 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions