Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Apex Flashcards > fluids and electrolytes > Flashcards

fluids and electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

intracellular volume is what percent of total body weight?

A

40% (28L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

extracellular volume is what percent of total body weight? (including its makeup and %)

A

20% (14L)
16% is ISF
4% is plasma volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the net filtration pressure equation?

A

(capillary hydrostatic pressure- interstitial hydrostatic pressure) - (interstitial oncotic pressure - capillary oncotic pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure of a solution across a semi permeable membrane that prevents water from diffusing across that membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you calculate plasma osmolarity and what is normal

A

normal is 280-290
=2(Na)+(glucose/18)+(BUN/2.8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can increase plasma osmolarity

A

hyperglycemia and uremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name two hypotonic solutions

A

D5W, NaCl .45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

name 6 isotonic solutions

A

NS, LR, plasmalyte A, albumin 5%, voluten 6%, vespan 6%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

name 5 hypertonic solutions

A

NaCl 3%
D5 NaCl .9%
D5 NaCl .45%
D5 LR
Dextran 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does hypotonic solution affect osmolarity, ECF, and ICF

A

increases ECF and ICF volumes and decreases osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does isotonic solution affect osmolarity, ECF, and ICF

A

increases ECF, but ICF and osmolarity stay the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does hypertonic solution affect osmolarity, ECF, and ICF

A

giving hypertonic fluid expands intravascular volume by pulling fluid from ICF to ECF- ECF and plasma osmolarity increase but ICF decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does albumin bind to

A

calcium and it causes hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which is the most abundant intracellular cation

A

potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypokalemia presentation

A

skeletal muscle cramps –> weakness –> paralysis –> worsens digitalis toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hyperkalemia presentation

A

cardiac rhythm disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypokalemia EKG findings

A

PR interval and QT interval are longer
flat T wave
U wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hyperkalemia EKG findings

A

(based on serum K concentration)
5.5-6.5 peaked T waves
6.5-7.5 p wave flattening, PR prolongation
7-8 QRS prolongation
8.5 or greater QRS–>sine wave –> VF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the most abundant extracellular cation

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

etiologies of hyponatremia (3 categories)

A

decreased total body Na content (diuretics, salt wasting disease, hypoaldosteronism)
normal total body sodium content (SIADH, hypothyroidism, water intoxication, preoperative stress)
increased total body Na content (cirrhosis, CHF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

etiologies of hypernatremia (3 categories)

A

decreased total body Na content (osmotic diuresis, n/v, adrenal insufficiency)
normal total body Na content (DI, renal failure, diuretics)
increased total body Na content (hyperaldosteronism, increased sodium intake like 3% saline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

presentation of hyponatremia
130-135
125-129
115-124
<115

A

based on serum Na concentration
130-135 no signs to mild signs
125-129 n/v, malaise
115-124 HA, lethargy, altered LOC
115 or less (rapid onset) seizures, coma, cerebral edema, respiratory arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

presentation of hypernatremia

A

based on serum osmolality
350-375 HA, agitation, confusion
376-400 weakness, tremors, ataxia
401-430 hyperreflexia, muscle twitching
431 or more: seizures, coma, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

normal plasma calcium (total) in mg/dL, mEq/L, mmol/dL

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL
4.5-5.5 mEq/L
2.12-2.62 mmol/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

normal plasma calcium (ionized) in mg/dL, mEq/L, mmol/dL

A

4.65-5.28 mg/dL
2.2-2.6 mEq/L
1.16-1/32 mmol/dL

26
Q

how much calcium is ionized

A

50%

27
Q

which is the most abundant electrolyte in the body

A

calcium

28
Q

which hormone raises serum calcium and which hormone decreases serum calcium

A

PTH increases, calcitonin decreases

29
Q

etiologies of hypocalcemia (5)

A

hypoparathyroidism
vitamin D deficiency
renal osteodystrophy
pancreatitis (same reason as sepsis, increased circulating catecholamines shifts ca into intracellular compartment)
sepsis

30
Q

etiologies of hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism
cancer
thyrotoxicosis
thiazide diuretics (increases ca reabsorption în exchange for Na)
immobilization

31
Q

presentation of hypocalcemia

A

skeletal muscle cramps
nerve irritability- parasthesia and tetany
laryngospasm
mental status changes- seizures
chovsteks sign (facial nerve/masseter muscle)
trusseaus sign (BP inflated above SBP for 3 min, muscle spasms of hand and arm)

32
Q

presentation of hypercalcemia

A

nausea
abdominal pain
HTN
psychosis
mental status changes - seizures

33
Q

EKG finding with hypocalcemia

A

long QT interval (prolonged plateau phase of AP)

34
Q

EKG finding with hypercalcemia

A

short QT interval

35
Q

treatment of hypocalcemia

A

calcium or vitamin D

36
Q

treatment of hypercalemia

A

NS or loop diuretic (furosemide)

37
Q

normal plasma magnesium (mg/dL and mEq/L)

A

1.7-2.4mg/dL or 1.5-3mEq/L

38
Q

etiology of hypomagnesemia (5)

A

poor intake
alcohol abuse
diuretics
critical illness
common with hypokalemia (will cause K efflux at renal level) and usually also tells PTH to chill which decreases Ca as well

39
Q

etiology of hypermagenesemia (3)

A

excessive administration
renal failure
adrenal insufficiency (addisons aka low cortisol and aldosterone output, which increases tubular magnesium reabsorption)

40
Q

treatment for hypermagnesemia

A

calcium chloride or gluconate

41
Q

symptoms of a magnesium level <1.2mg/dL

A

tetany, seizures, dysrhythmias

42
Q

symptoms of a magnesium level between 1.2-1.8mg/dL

A

neuromuscular irritability
hypokalemia
hypocalcemia

43
Q

symptoms of a magnesium level between 2.5-5mg/dL

A

typically none

44
Q

symptoms of a magnesium level between 5-7mg/dL

A

diminished DTR’s
lethargy/drowsiness
flushing
n/v

45
Q

symptoms of a magnesium level between 7-12mg/dL

A

loss of DTR’s
hypotension
EKG changes
somnolence

46
Q

symptoms of a magnesium level >12mg/dL

A

respiratory depression- apnea
complete heart block
cardiac arrest
coma
paralysis

47
Q

cardiac, CNS, pulmonary, other effects of acidosis include

A

increased p50 (right = release)
increased SNS tone
increased risk of dysrhythmias
decreased contractility
increased cerebral BF
increased ICP
increased PVR
hyperkalemia

48
Q

cardiac, CNS, pulmonary, other effects of alkalosis include

A

decreased p50 (left=love)
decreased coronary blood flow
increased risk of dysrhythmias
decreased CBF
decreased ICP
decreased PVR
hypokalemia
decreased ical (promotes binding of calcium to albumin)

49
Q

for acute respiratory acidosis, for every 10mmHg increase in PaCO2, pH decreases by

A

.08

50
Q

for chronic respiratory acidosis, for every 10mmHg increase in PaCO2, pH decreases by

A

.03

51
Q

anion gap equation

A

major cations - major anions OR
Na - Cl + HCO3= 8-12mEq/L

52
Q

etiology of anion gap acidosis (>14 gap)

A

MUDPILES
methanol
uremia
DKA
paraldehyde
isionazid
lactate
ethanol, ethylene glycol
salicylates (inhibits krebs cycle)

53
Q

etiology of non gap acidosis

A

HARDUP
hypoaldosteronism
acetazolamide
renal tubular acidosis
diarrhea
ureterosigmoid fistula
pancreatic fistula

54
Q

for every HCO3 decrease of 1mEq/L, PaCO2 decreases by

A

1-1.5mEq/L

55
Q

metabolic alkalosis etiologies

A

sodium bicarb administration
massive transfusion (liver converts preservatives to HCO3-)
loss of gastric fluid (most common)
loss of acid in urine
diuretics
ECF depletion (–>increased Na reabsorption –> H and K excretion (maintains electroneutrality))
cushings syndrome (activation of mineralocorticoid receptors by increased cortisol causes Na reabsorption and K secretion and metabolic alkalosis)
hyperaldosteronism (conns disease, increases Na retention and hydrogen ion excretion)

56
Q

treatment of metabolic alkalosis

A

acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, increases renal excretion of HCO3)
spironolactone (mineralocorticoid antagonist)
dialysis

57
Q

fluid replacement per hour for very minimal surgical trauma (orofacial surgery)

A

1-2mL/kg/h

58
Q

fluid replacement per hour for minimal surgical trauma (inguinal hernia repair)

A

2-4mL/kg/h

59
Q

fluid replacement per hour for moderate surgical trauma (major nonabdominal surgery)

A

4-6mL/kg/h

60
Q

fluid replacement per hour for severe surgical trauma (major abdominal surgery)

A

6-8mL/kg/h

61
Q

4:2:1 rule

A

4mL/kg/h for first 10kg body weight
2mL/kg/h for second 10kg of body weight
1mL/kg/h for anything over that

Apex Flashcards (71 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions