Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Apex Flashcards > ANS A&P > Flashcards

ANS A&P Flashcards

1
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A1 and V1 stimulation increases

A

PLC activity (Gq)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

B1, 2, and 3 stimulation increases

A

adenylate cyclase activity (Gs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A2, M2, M4, D2 receptor decreases

A

adenylate cyclase activity (Gi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heart SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: B1–> positive inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects
PSNS: M2–> negative inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lung SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: B2–> bronchodilation
PSNS: M3–> bronchoconstriciton, gland secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GI tract SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: a1 –> vasoconstriction, sphincter contraction
PSNS: M3 –> increased Gi motility, sphincter relaxation, increased gland secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

glands SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: a1 –> increased sweating and decreased pancreatic activity
PSNS: M1, M3 –>increased salivation, increased lacrimation, increased pancreatic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

urinary tract SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: a1, b2 –>bladder sphincter contraction, increased renin secretion
PSNS: M3 –> bladder sphincter relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

skin SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: a1 –> vasoconstriction
PSNS: —–

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

skeletal muscle SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: B2 –> vasodilation
PSNS: ——-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pupils SNS and PSNS receptors and effects

A

SNS: a1–> dilation (mydriasis)
PSNS: M3 –> constriction (miosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

intrinsic muscles of the eye (smooth muscles) include (3)

A

ciliary muscle, sphincter pupillae, dilator pupillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A2 stimulation can produce these effects (3)

A

produce anti shivering effect
inhibit insulin release (which creates hyperglycemia)
promotes platelet aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

physiologic effect of A2 receptor stimulation for the following organs/effector sites
vasculature
renal tubules
pancreas
platelets
salivary glands
Gi tract

A

vasculature: constricts
renal tubules: inhibit ADH (diuresis)
pancreas: decreases insulin release
platelets: increases aggregation
salivary glands: dry mouth
Gi tract: decreased gut motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in VSMC, cAMP inhibits ___________ which produces these two effects

A

inhibits myosin light chain kinase
vasodilation and decreased SVR result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

PDE3 inhibitors are useful in the following clinical situations (4)

A

BB induced myocardial depression
acute HF
unresponsiveness to IV catecholamines
any time increased inotropy with reduced after load would be desirable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how many molecules of ATP can be produced from 1 mole of glucose

A

38

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stimulation of which presynaptic adrenergic receptor augments NE release? stops it?

A

augments: B2
stops: A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

catecholamines are removed from synaptic cleft via what 3 mechanisms?

A
  1. reuptake into presynaptic nerve
  2. reuptake into extra neural tissue
  3. diffusion away from synaptic cleft
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what 2 enzymes metabolize NE in the liver and kidney

A

MAO and COMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

major metabolite of dopamine

A

homovanillic acid (HVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ach synthesis in presynaptic nerve terminal

A
  1. acetyl coenzyme A is produced in mitochondria and released into the cytoplasm
  2. choline is transported from the blood to the cytoplasm of the nerve terminal
  3. in the presence of choline aminotransferase, choline and acetyl coa are combined to form acetylcholine, which is then packaged into vescicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
byproducts of Ach metabolism
choline, which diffuses into circulation acetate, acetate, which diffuses away from synaptic cleft
26
what is another name for true cholinesterase
acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
27
compare and contrast SNS and PSNS: preganglionic fiber length postganglionic receptor types target organs
28
anatomical origin of SNS fibers (origin, location on SC, where cell bodies arise from)
thoracolumbar region, mainly T1-L3 cell bodies arise from interomediolateral horn of SC and axons exit via ventral roots, aka lateral horn/rexeds lamina 7
29
anatomical origin of PSNS fibers
craniosacral CN 3, 7, 9, 10 S2-S4
30
SNS ganglia compared to PSNS ganglia location
SNS ganglia are near SC (sympathetic chain) while PSNS ganglia are near or inside tissue effector/organ
31
SNS pre to post ganglionic ratio versus PSNS
SNS: 30:1, post synaptic amplification contributes to mass response PSNS: 1:1 or 3:1, precise control of each effector organ
32
SNS versus PSNS preganglionic and postganglionic fibers comparison (short, long? myelinated, unmyelinated?)
SNS: short, myelinated preganglionic B* fiber. long, myelinated postganglionic B fiber PSNS: long, UNmyelinated preganglionic C* fiber. short, UNmyelinated postganglionic C fiber
33
NT and receptor at SNS and PSNS ganglia
both NT's are Ach and both receptors are NnAchR
34
NT from postganglionic fiber: SNS v PSNS
SNS: NE (Ach at sweat glands, piloerector muscles, some blood vessels. there are no post ganglionic fibers at adrenal medulla. chromaffin cells release NE and epi directly into systemic circulation PSNS: Ach
35
receptor at effector organ: SNS v PSNS
SNS: adrenergic (a, b, dopa) or muscarinic PSNS: muscarinic
36
how many paired sympathetic ganglia are in the sympathetic chain
22
37
3 paths for preganglionic sympathetic fibers in sympathetic chain
1. synapse at the same level where they enter sympathetic chain 2. synapse at a different level than where they enter 3. synapse outside of the sympathetic chain
38
synapse of preganglionic sympathetic fibers in sympathetic chain at same level of where they enter
synapse in sympathetic trunk ganglion. nonmyelinated axon (C fiber) rejoins spinal nerve via grey ramus
39
preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapsing at a different level than where they enter the sympathetic chain
ascending preganglionic fibers travel to cervical region where they synapse on postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the 3 cervical ganglia (superior, middle, inferior). -must pass through stellate ganglion
40
preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapsing outside of sympathetic chain
pass through paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain or trunk) then synapse in unpaired prevertebral ganglia located near abdominal or pelvic visceral targets they elevate preganglionic c fibers traverse through the sympathetic trunk associate to form splanchnic nerves postganglionic fibers pass into the plexuses that surround the main branch of the aorta and are distributed with the arterial network
41
horner syndrome is characterized by (6)
ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, flushing of the skin, nasal congestion, enopthalmos Very Homely PAM vasodilation horner ptosis miosis anhydrosis
42
stellate ganglion (aka cervicothoracic ganglion) provides SNS innervation to
ipsilateral head, neck, and upper extremity
43
2 areas of adrenal gland and what they secrete
medulla: catecholamines cortex: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens
44
triad of pheochromocytoma sx
HA, diaphoresis, tachycardia
45
anesthetic considerations for pheochromocytoma: anticipate (3)
HTN, tachycardia, hyperglycemia
46
if a pheochromocytoma patient experiences HoTN, which vasopressor is the best choice?
neo (because it is direct acting)
47
drugs to avoid during pheo surgery (3 categories)
histamine releasing agents (succ, atracurium, mivacurium, morphine) indirect acting sympathomimetic agents: ephedrine SNS activators: desflurane, ketamine, pancuronium, naloxone
48
describe the sympathetic innervation of the adrenal medulla (where the sympathetic fibers arise from, myelination, receptor ant NT type)
preganglionic sympathetic B fibers arise from T5-T9 and directly go to adrenal medulla (where Ach interacts with NnAchR's
49
why does SNS activation eventually cause a decrease in potassium
when epinephrine binds to B2 receptors on skeletal muscles and erythrocytes, it activates Na/K pump and shifts K into cells which decreases serum K concentration
50
factors that cause K shift in/out include
51
what 2 molecules are released r/t SNS stimulation of hepatocytes?
K/glucose
52
surgical procedures that may elicit the baroreceptor reflex include
CEA, mediastonoscopy
53
function of baroreceptor reflex (aka carotid sinus reflex)
attempts to preserve CO during acute blood loss and shock. venous return too high
54
6 steps of baroreceptor reflex
55
which 2 vascular locations contain high pressure baroreceptors
carotid sinus aortic arch
56
drugs that can likely impair baroreceptor reflex include (7)
propofol sevoflurane labetalol (B1 blockers) thiopental CCB ACEI PDE inhibitors
57
function of bezold jerisch reflex
slows HR in the setting of profound hypervolemia. venous return too low
58
activation of bezold jerisch reflex manifests as (3)
bradycardia HoTN coronary artery vasodilation
59
bainbridge reflex pathway sensor afferent control efferent
tachycardia caused by an increase in venous return sensor: increased firing of low pressure stretch receptors during atrial filling afferent: vagus control center: NTS efferent: SNS/PSNS to SA node
60
bezold jarisch reflex pathway sensor afferent control efferent
sensor: chemo and mechanoreceptors in LV wall afferent: nonmyelinated C fibers in vagus to NTS control center: NTS and medullary CV nuclei efferent: vagus.
61
bradycardia and HoTN during spinal or epidural block are attributed to which reflex?
bezold jarisch
62
chemoreceptor reflex explanation (afferent, efferent, effects)
hypoxia elicits afferent impulses from carotid/aortic bodies through nerve of hering (branch of CN9) and vagus to NTS. increased RR and MV ensues.
63
drugs that attenuate chemoreceptor reflex (3)
volatile anesthetics at subtherapeutic doses opioids NO
64
triggers of vasovagal reflex
peritoneal stretching or distention stress
65
sx of vasovagal reflex
profound PSNS activation and cease of any SNS activation
66
afferent and efferent limbs of oculocardiac reflex
5 (trigeminal) afferent 10 vagus efferent
67
oculocardiac reflex sensor afferent pathway (more detail) control center efferent pathway (more detail) effector and response
sensor: mechanoreceptors in ocular tissues afferent: long and short ciliary nerves-->ciliary ganglion -->ophthalmic division (V1) of CN5 (trigeminal ganglion) control center: NTS and medullary CV nuclei centers efferent: CN10 effector and response: decreased activity of SA and AV nodes
68
clinical presentation of oculocardiac reflex (4 rhythm possibilities, 1 other sx)
bradycardia HoTN junctional rhythm AVB asystole
69
factors that worsen severity of oculocardiac reflex (3)
hypoxemia hypercarbia light anesthesia
70
what kind of heat loss occurs via sweating
evaporation
71
sx of cushings triad
HTN (SNS mediated increase in BP to restore CPP) bradycardia (baroreceptor reflex) irregular respirations (brainstem compression)
72
which component of the SNS forms the white rami?
preganglionic neuron remember, preganglionic fibers exit via ventral nerve roots and enter sympathetic chain (T1-L2) via white rami. theyre white because theyre myelinated.
73
which reflex is associated with child birth?
bainbridge
74
which reflex is associated with pneumoperitoneum?
celiac. mediated by vagus nerve from traction and causes bradycardia/HoTN
75
which cranial nerves arise from the brain stem
vagus, facial, spinal accessory 10, 7, 11
76
which cranial nerves arise from midbrain
3, 4
77
which cranial nerves arise from the pons
5, 6, 7, 8
78
which cranial nerves arise from the medulla
9, 10, 11, 12

Apex Flashcards (71 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions