quiz 8 (new book chp.9) Flashcards
attention
characteristics associated with consciousness, awareness, and cognitive effort as they relate to the performance of skills with particular reference to the limitations associated with those characteristics on the simultaneous performance of multiple skills & the ability to detect relevant info in the performance environment
-engagement in perceptual, cognitive, and motor activities
-associated with motor activities
-activities may be performed consciously or unconsciously
-Scientists have concluded that attention limits influence performance
arousal
the general state of excitability of a person, involving physiological, emotional, and mental systems.
attentional focus
the directing of attention to specific characteristics in a performance environment, or to action-preparation activities.
-width indicates focus to be broad or narrow (width of focus)
-direction indicates attention of focus to be external or internal (direction of focus)
-attention switching can occur to achieve successful performance & can have advantages & disadvantages, depending on the activity
automaticity
when a person performs a skill, or engages in certain information processing activities, without requiring attention resources
-practice plays a role
-attention is given to harder parts of a routine
(evaluation of task demands)
visual selective attention
study of attention as it relates to the use of vision & the selection of environmental info & the preparation &/or performance of an action
does attention limit influence performance?
yes – scientists have concluded this
what are the attention theories?
-filter theory
-alternative theory
what do theories emphasizing attentional resource limit?
proposed multiple tasks can be
performed as long as the resource capacity limits of the system are not exceeded
filter theory
-also called the bottle neck theory
- a person has difficulty doing several things at one time
-all the things that you have to do, you have to do them in order
alternative theories to filter theory
-central resource
-multiple resource
-integration theory (performance expectation
the difficulty of doing multiple tasks simultaneously becomes an issues because of limitation due to the resources needed to carry out whatever those tasks are
limits were the result of the limited availability of resources
what are central resource capacity theories?
attention-capacity theories that propose one central source of attention resources for which all activities requiring attention compete
-all activities competing for that on source of attention
-person gives a pool of effort upon activities to carry this out
-sufficient attentoinal resources are necessary
what are the three rules that influence how people allocate attention resources?
- allocate attention to ensure completion of (at least) one activity
- enduring dispositions
—-novel - unexpected visual or auditory events
—-meaningfulness of the event (cocktail party phenomenon) - momentary intentions - what you are focused on
multiple resource theories
-provides an alternative to theories proposed a central resource pool of attention resources
-proposes that we have several attention mechanisms with limited resources !!!
in multiple resource theories, wickens proposed three sources for processing information… what are they?
- input & output modalities (vision, limb, speech)
- stages of information processing (perception, memory encoding, response output)
- codes of processing information (verbal codes, spatial codes)
what are the procedures for assessing attention demands?
dual-task procedure determine the attention demands & characteristics of the simultaneous performance of two different tasks
for two tasks
-one task is the primary task is the task of interest
-secondary task performance is the basis to make inferences about the attention demands of the primary task
what do attention & automaticity indicate?
that a person performs a skill or engages in certain information-processing activates without requiring attention resources
-practice plays a role in this
-attention is given to parts of a routine that are considered difficult
where is attention given?
to parts of a routine that are considered difficult
what three procedures have been used to investigate visual selective attention?
-temporal occlusion of video/film
-spatial, or event, occlusion of video/film
-eye-movement recordings (focal vision)
what does how we select visual cues include?
-visual search and intended actions
-feature integration theory (how people visually select & attend to certain cues while ignoring other cues during performance)
-visual search & action preparation
feature integration theory
-how people visually select & attend to certain cues while ignoring others during the performance
visual search picks up cues that influence 3 aspects of action preparation…
-action selection
—choosing the action
-constraining of the selected action
—-determining movement features for performing the action
-timing of action initiation
—–when to begin the action
these are influences by open & closed motor skills
what happens when people become experiences & skilled in an activity?
they acquire better visual search skills
-ex) looking down when dribbling at first, but then looking at game when more experiences
what two intervention strategies, according to research, benefit novices?
- instructions concerning what to look for & attend to
- providing sufficient amount of practice time implementing these instructions
how many thoughts can you hold at a time cognitively?
1 at a time
Kahneman attention theory parts
- arousal level
- allocation policy/evaluation demands
- possible activities/responses a person has
external is ____________
environment
internal is ___________
your thoughts
when can attention switching occur?
it occurs to achieve successful performance & can have advantages & disadvantages, depending on the activity
what is visual search?
process of directing visual attention to locate relevant information ie xues in environment that are relevant to do the action
in the environment that will allow the skill to be performed in a specific manner to the situation
