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Path IV Quizzes > Quiz 5 CNS > Flashcards

Quiz 5 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF?

A

between arachnoid and pia mater

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2
Q

absence of brain formation

A

anencephaly

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3
Q

diminished brain size

A

microcephaly

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4
Q

enlarged abnormal gyri

A

macrogyri/pachygyri

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5
Q

anencephaly

A

neural tube defect where rostral (head) end of neural tube fails to close.

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6
Q

causes of microcephaly

A

fetal alcohol syndrome
trisomy 18
congenital rubella
congenital HIV

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7
Q

caused by abnormalities in CSF production, flow, or reabsorption

A

hydrocephalus

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8
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

communicating hydrocephalus where cerebral ventricles are enlarged with only intermittently elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure

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9
Q

failure of normal closure of vertebral column and overlying skin over dorsal aspect of spinal cord.

A

spina bifida

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10
Q

1 cause of hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of CSF flow

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11
Q

condition of missing portion of posterior vertebral body

A

spina bifida occulta

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12
Q

herniation of meninges but not spinal cord

A

meningocele

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13
Q

herniation of meninges and spinal cord

A

menigomyelocele

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14
Q

what protein is used to diagnose spina bifid a and other neural tube defects? When is it measured?

A
  • alpha fetal protein

- beginning of second trimester (14-16 weeks)

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15
Q

what else can elevated alpha fetal protein indicate?

A

multiple gestations
abdominal wall defects
placental abruption
anencephaly

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16
Q

what does decreased MAFP indicate?

A

Down’s syndrome

Trisomy 18

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17
Q

When does cerebral palsy most commonly occur?

A 
during pregnancy (75%)
during child birth (10%)
after birth (15%)
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18
Q

List 4 responses of the nervous system to injury that are not seen in other tissues

A
  • neuronal chromatolysis
  • phagocytosis
  • gliosis
  • cerebral edema
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19
Q

What are intrauterine causes of cerebral palsy?

A
  • maternal infxn of strep throat

- maternal CNS system infections

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20
Q

What causes cerebral palsy after birth?

A 
severe jaundice
encephalitis
meningitis
toxins such as lead poisoning
physical brain injury
hypoxia to brain
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21
Q

most common type of cerebral palsy

A

spastic

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22
Q

most common condition found on autopsy of newborns with cerebral palsy

A

periventricular leukomalacia: necrosis around ventricles

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23
Q

gliosis and gliosal scarring due to lack of blood flow to periventricular area of brain leading to necrosis?

A

periventricular leukomalacia

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24
Q
  • scarring caused by astrocytes
A

gliosis

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25
Q

inflammation of pia and arachnoid mater

A

meningitis

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26
Q

inflammation of brain parenchyma

A

encephalitis

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27
Q

1 cause of meningitis

A

viral but less serious than bacterial

- viral resolve without treatment

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28
Q

2 cause of meningitis

A

bacterial and can cause death

29
Q

aseptic meningitis

A

non-bacterial

30
Q

hallmark of cerebral palsy

A

white matter necrosis/periventricular leukomalacia

31
Q

inflammation of pia and arachnoid mater as well as inflammation of the brain

A

meningoencephalitis

32
Q

purulent meningitis

A

bacterial menigitis

33
Q

what can cause meningitis?

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, chemical irritation, drug allergies, tumors

34
Q

sequelae of miningococcal

A

waterhouse fredrickson

35
Q

what causes aseptic meningitis

A 
coxsackie A and B virus and 
echovirus
poliovirus
mumps can also cause
(all enteroviruses)
- herpes 1 and 2, HIV, chicken pox can also cause
36
Q

what does rabies cause?

A

meningoencephalitis (inflammation of brain and meninges)

37
Q

what stain is used for cryptococcal meningitis on CSF?

A

India ink stain

38
Q

cryptococcus usually affects what population?

risk factors?

A

immunocompromised

- AIDS, lymphoma, diabetes

39
Q

hist of cryptococcus

A

cells are encapsulated

40
Q

PE finding of cryptococcus

A

papilledema

granuloma

41
Q

what causes viral meningitis in the summer?
late summmer?
spring?

A
  • summer and spring: arthropod-borne diseases (arboviruses)
  • late summer: Entero in late summer
  • spring: mumps and varicella
  • herpes not seasonal
42
Q

bacterial strains that cause meningitis

A

E.coli
strep pneumoniae
H. flu
N. meningitidis

43
Q

what are some sx of meningitis?

A

petechiae (purple red spots/rash)
fever
n/v
stiff neck

44
Q

what causes aseptic meningitis?

A

coxsackie virus
echovirus
mumps
(all are enteroviruses)

45
Q

bacteria causing meningitis in infants/children

A

N. meningococci

46
Q

baceteria causing menigitis in adolescents and adults

A

N. meningococci

47
Q

bacteria causing meningitis in older adults

A

S. pneumonia, then N. menigococci

48
Q

pt without a spleen are at risk for

A

N meningitiis and H flu

49
Q

where is spinal tap performed?

A

between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

50
Q

gram stain of N menigococci

A

gm negative diplococci

51
Q

what can precede meningococcal meningitis?

A

petechiae

52
Q

what causes aseptic meningitis?

A

coxsackie virus
echovirus
mumps
(all are enteroviruses)

53
Q

most common non-hematologic cancers to met to CNS?

A

lung, melanoma, and breast

54
Q

what tumors can met to CNS and meninges>

A

head, neck, GU, gastro

55
Q

most frequent histological type of ca to met

A

adenocarcinoma

56
Q

once implanted, how do ca cells grow in the brain?

A

in a sheet like fashion over surface of brain

57
Q

most common cerebral and CN symptoms of carcinomatous meningitis?

A

headache

diplopia

58
Q

mass of immune cells, pus, and other materials when brain is infected by bacteria, fungi, or parasites

A

brain abscess

59
Q

abscess that enhances contrast along with cerebral edema and midline shift

A

crytpococcal brain abscess

60
Q

slender hyphae that branch is what type of abscess

A

aspergillus brain abscess

61
Q

most common organism found in brain abscesses

A

strep

62
Q

common organism in infants with brain abscess

A

gram negative

63
Q

most common neuro-parasitic infection in humans

-infection of CNS by larvae of park tapeworm

A

neurocysticercosis

64
Q

bug that causes neurocysticercosis

tape worm larvae

A

Taenia solium

tape worm larvae: cysticerci

65
Q

most common cause of adult onset seizures in some developing countries

A

neurocysticercosis

66
Q

most common cause of viral meningitis in children and adults

A

enteroviruses

used to be mumps in children

67
Q

second most common cause of viral meningitis in adults?

A

HSV type 2

68
Q

most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in developed countries

A

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

69
Q

tumors arising in and outside the nervous system that result in meningitis

A

carcinomatous meningitis

-detect tumor cells in CSF to dx

Path IV Quizzes (18 decks)

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