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Path IV Quizzes > Quiz 5 CNS > Flashcards

Quiz 5 CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Where is CSF?

A

between arachnoid and pia mater

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2
Q

absence of brain formation

A

anencephaly

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3
Q

diminished brain size

A

microcephaly

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4
Q

enlarged abnormal gyri

A

macrogyri/pachygyri

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5
Q

anencephaly

A

neural tube defect where rostral (head) end of neural tube fails to close.

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6
Q

causes of microcephaly

A

fetal alcohol syndrome
trisomy 18
congenital rubella
congenital HIV

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7
Q

caused by abnormalities in CSF production, flow, or reabsorption

A

hydrocephalus

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8
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

communicating hydrocephalus where cerebral ventricles are enlarged with only intermittently elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure

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9
Q

failure of normal closure of vertebral column and overlying skin over dorsal aspect of spinal cord.

A

spina bifida

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10
Q

1 cause of hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of CSF flow

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11
Q

condition of missing portion of posterior vertebral body

A

spina bifida occulta

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12
Q

herniation of meninges but not spinal cord

A

meningocele

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13
Q

herniation of meninges and spinal cord

A

menigomyelocele

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14
Q

what protein is used to diagnose spina bifid a and other neural tube defects? When is it measured?

A
  • alpha fetal protein

- beginning of second trimester (14-16 weeks)

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15
Q

what else can elevated alpha fetal protein indicate?

A

multiple gestations
abdominal wall defects
placental abruption
anencephaly

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16
Q

what does decreased MAFP indicate?

A

Down’s syndrome

Trisomy 18

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17
Q

When does cerebral palsy most commonly occur?

A 
during pregnancy (75%)
during child birth (10%)
after birth (15%)
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18
Q

List 4 responses of the nervous system to injury that are not seen in other tissues

A
  • neuronal chromatolysis
  • phagocytosis
  • gliosis
  • cerebral edema
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19
Q

What are intrauterine causes of cerebral palsy?

A
  • maternal infxn of strep throat

- maternal CNS system infections

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20
Q

What causes cerebral palsy after birth?

A 
severe jaundice
encephalitis
meningitis
toxins such as lead poisoning
physical brain injury
hypoxia to brain
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21
Q

most common type of cerebral palsy

A

spastic

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22
Q

most common condition found on autopsy of newborns with cerebral palsy

A

periventricular leukomalacia: necrosis around ventricles

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23
Q

gliosis and gliosal scarring due to lack of blood flow to periventricular area of brain leading to necrosis?

A

periventricular leukomalacia

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24
Q
  • scarring caused by astrocytes
A

gliosis

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25
inflammation of pia and arachnoid mater
meningitis
26
inflammation of brain parenchyma
encephalitis
27
#1 cause of meningitis
viral but less serious than bacterial | - viral resolve without treatment
28
#2 cause of meningitis
bacterial and can cause death
29
aseptic meningitis
non-bacterial
30
hallmark of cerebral palsy
white matter necrosis/periventricular leukomalacia
31
inflammation of pia and arachnoid mater as well as inflammation of the brain
meningoencephalitis
32
purulent meningitis
bacterial menigitis
33
what can cause meningitis?
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, chemical irritation, drug allergies, tumors
34
sequelae of miningococcal
waterhouse fredrickson
35
what causes aseptic meningitis
``` coxsackie A and B virus and echovirus poliovirus mumps can also cause (all enteroviruses) - herpes 1 and 2, HIV, chicken pox can also cause ```
36
what does rabies cause?
meningoencephalitis (inflammation of brain and meninges)
37
what stain is used for cryptococcal meningitis on CSF?
India ink stain
38
cryptococcus usually affects what population? | risk factors?
immunocompromised | - AIDS, lymphoma, diabetes
39
hist of cryptococcus
cells are encapsulated
40
PE finding of cryptococcus
papilledema | granuloma
41
what causes viral meningitis in the summer? late summmer? spring?
- summer and spring: arthropod-borne diseases (arboviruses) - late summer: Entero in late summer - spring: mumps and varicella - herpes not seasonal
42
bacterial strains that cause meningitis
E.coli strep pneumoniae H. flu N. meningitidis
43
what are some sx of meningitis?
petechiae (purple red spots/rash) fever n/v stiff neck
44
what causes aseptic meningitis?
coxsackie virus echovirus mumps (all are enteroviruses)
45
bacteria causing meningitis in infants/children
N. meningococci
46
baceteria causing menigitis in adolescents and adults
N. meningococci
47
bacteria causing meningitis in older adults
S. pneumonia, then N. menigococci
48
pt without a spleen are at risk for
N meningitiis and H flu
49
where is spinal tap performed?
between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
50
gram stain of N menigococci
gm negative diplococci
51
what can precede meningococcal meningitis?
petechiae
52
what causes aseptic meningitis?
coxsackie virus echovirus mumps (all are enteroviruses)
53
most common non-hematologic cancers to met to CNS?
lung, melanoma, and breast
54
what tumors can met to CNS and meninges>
head, neck, GU, gastro
55
most frequent histological type of ca to met
adenocarcinoma
56
once implanted, how do ca cells grow in the brain?
in a sheet like fashion over surface of brain
57
most common cerebral and CN symptoms of carcinomatous meningitis?
headache | diplopia
58
mass of immune cells, pus, and other materials when brain is infected by bacteria, fungi, or parasites
brain abscess
59
abscess that enhances contrast along with cerebral edema and midline shift
crytpococcal brain abscess
60
slender hyphae that branch is what type of abscess
aspergillus brain abscess
61
most common organism found in brain abscesses
strep
62
common organism in infants with brain abscess
gram negative
63
most common neuro-parasitic infection in humans | -infection of CNS by larvae of park tapeworm
neurocysticercosis
64
bug that causes neurocysticercosis | tape worm larvae
Taenia solium | tape worm larvae: cysticerci
65
most common cause of adult onset seizures in some developing countries
neurocysticercosis
66
most common cause of viral meningitis in children and adults
enteroviruses | used to be mumps in children
67
second most common cause of viral meningitis in adults?
HSV type 2
68
most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in developed countries
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
69
tumors arising in and outside the nervous system that result in meningitis
carcinomatous meningitis | -detect tumor cells in CSF to dx

Path IV Quizzes (18 decks)

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