Quiz 2 Lower Urinary Tract

Question 1

is bilateral or unilateral duplication of ureter more common?

Answer 1

bilateral is rare

Question 2

what do anomalies of ureterovesical junction cause?

Answer 2

urinary reflux

Question 3

what do 70% of children with UTIs have?

Answer 3

vesicoureteral reflux: abnormal flow of urine from bladder to ureters and possibly to kidneys

Question 4

difference between ureteritis follicularis and ureteritis cystica

Answer 4

follicularis: fine granular appearance
cystica: inflammatory state which causes mucosa to appear as if sprinkled with fine cysts.

Question 5

where does unilateral vs bilateral obstruction of the ureter occur?

Answer 5

unilateral: higher up urinary tract
bilateral: closer to bladder

Question 6

what are majority of ureteral malignancies?

Answer 6

transitional cell carcinomas

Question 7

bladder exstropy

- this causes increased risk for what?

Answer 7

bladder can lie as an open sac due to failure of normal development of anterior wall of abdomen and of blader.
- increased risk for adenocarcinoma of colon

Question 8

urachal cysts can become what?

Answer 8

bladder adenocarcinoma

Question 9

most common cause of bacterial cystitis?

Answer 9

E. Coli

Question 10

what urinary microscopy findings point to UTI?

Answer 10

white blood cells

multiple rod shaped bacilli between WBCs

Question 11

what are atypical agents in cystitis?

Answer 11

DM
immunocompromised
urinary obstruction

Question 12

schiztosomiasis

Answer 12

common in middle east

result of chronic inflammation of bladder

Question 13

chronic cystitis

Answer 13

changes in bladder lining
malakoplakia (patter of bladder change that results in chronic inflammation)
mucosal plaques

Question 14

hist of malakoplakia

Answer 14

foamy histiocytes with distinct round basophilic inclusions (michaelis-Gutmann bodies)

Question 15

what is pathognomonic feature of malakoplakia?

Answer 15

Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

Question 16

what is pathognomonic for interstitial cystitis?

Answer 16

Hunner’s Ulcers

Question 17

what causes non-infectious cystitis?

Answer 17

cytotoxic antitumor durgs such as cyclophosphamide or methotrexate
radiation to bladder

Question 18

most common type of bladder cancer

Answer 18

transitional cell carcinoma

Question 19

second most common form of bladder cancer

Answer 19

squamous cell

Question 20

risk factors for bladder ca

Answer 20

cigarette smoking
long term use of analgesics
radiation to bladder area
exposure to aryl amines
schistosomiasis

Question 21

if bladder cancer is related to schistosomiasis, what is most common type?

Answer 21

SCC

then TCC

Question 22

does TCC reach the basement membrane?

Answer 22

no