QUIZ Flashcards
The inability to encode or retain new knowledge after a traumatic brain injury is known as
anterograde amnesia
The episodic buffer in Baddley’s model of memory serves as
To bring information from and store information in reference memory
Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying
Preservation
In Slameka and Graf’s (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The later group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
a.spacing effect
b. generation effect
c. cued recall effect
d. multiple trace hypothesis
b. generation effect
According to the typicality effect
a. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
b. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another
c. we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects
d. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian’s semantic hierarchy model would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
a. a field sparrow is a field sparrow
b. a field sparrow is a bird
c. a field sparrow is an animal
d. a field sparrow is a sparrow
A field sparrow is an animal
The semantic hierarchy model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
a. the amount of information contained in each concept.
b. the distance that must be traveled through the network.
c. the typicality of the information contained in each concept.
d. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.
the distance that must be traveled through the network
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-difference task when presented with “good” examples of colors such as “red” and “green” than when they are presented with “poor” examples such as “pink” or “light green” The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _________ approach to categorization
a. exemplar
b. network
c. prototype
d. parallel processing
prototype
________ is an average representation of a category based on one’s experiences
A. Icons
B. Prototypes
C. Units
D. Exemplars
An exemplar
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
specificity coding
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until the information is analyzed for
meaning
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people’s conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
selective
The Stroop effect demonstrates
A. how automatic processing can interfere with controlled processing.
B. a failure of divided attention.
C. the ease of performing a low-load task.
D. support for object-based attention.
A
Suppose two teenagers are vying for their mother’s attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman’s attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of the
a. physical characteristics.
b. language.
c. meaning.
d. direction.
physical characteristics and meaning of the message.
A high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they
A. ignore the falsification principle.
B. are influenced by the atmosphere effect.
C. confuse the ideas of validity and truth.
D. incorrectly apply the permission schema.
ignore the falsification principle
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was canceled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a “fort” for his four-year-old son. Ali’s use of the cartons represents
divergent thinking
Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia’s observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using
a. the law of large numbers.
b. an atmosphere effect.
c. an illusory correlation.
d. the falsification principle.
an illusory correlation
Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, “At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them.” That a reader understands “them” appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.
analogic
instrument
anaphoric
narrative
anaphoric
Tanenhaus and coworkers’ eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, “Put the apple on the towel in the box.” Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.
A) the cooperative principle
B) environmental context
C) instrumental inferences
D) local connections
environmental context
f the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?
A) The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.
B) The cats won’t bake.
C) Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.
D)The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room.
Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.
Your text describes an “Italian woman” who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
A) intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
B) intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.
C) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
D) intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory
C) intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.
resemblance
priming
reaction-time
typicality
typicality
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
A) increases the primacy effect.
B) increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
C) decreases the recency effect.
D) has no effect on the curve.
C) decreases the recency effect.
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The self-reference effect
The propaganda effect
Release from proactive inhibition
Encoding specificity
The propaganda effect
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?
Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list
Recalling the names of popular fairy tales
Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the
A. hippocampus.
B. amygdala.
C. occipital cortex.
D. prefrontal cortex.
D
Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory?
A. I just sat down.
B. I was talking to that girl just before class.
C. I was talking to that boy three months ago.
D. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.
B
Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?
A. Distributed processing
B. Cognitive economy
C. Prototype formation
D. Family resemblance
B
Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of
A) memory-trace replacement.
B) a simultaneous presentation effect
C) retroactive interference.
D) a life-narrative confusion.
C) retroactive interference.
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of
A) remote, episodic memories.
B) remote, semantic memories.
C) remote procedural memories.
D) state-dependent memories.
A) remote, episodic memories.
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
A) strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
B) uninvolved in memory consolidation.
C) strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated.
D) strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be:
a. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.
b. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
c. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another.
d. a fill-in-the-blank task where participants generate paired members within a category
b. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
Kosslyn’s island experiment used the ________ procedure.
a. categorization
b. mental scanning
c. priming
d. mental walk
b. mental scanning
- The conjunction rule states that
a. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring.
b. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.
c. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices.
d. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively.
b. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.
As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT:
a. rhymes.
b. associations.
c. visualizations.
d. propositions.
d. propositions.
The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ________ representations.
a. symbolic
b. propositional
c. verbal
d. spatial
d. spatial
Perky’s experiment, in which participants were asked to “project” visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that:
a. imagery and perception are two different phenomena.
b. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.
c. imagery and perception can interact with one another.
d. there are large individual differences in people’s ability to create visual images
c. imagery and perception can interact with one another.
Shepard and Metzler’s “image rotation” experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated:
a. that humans can only perform mental rotation on “real-world” objects.
b. that imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
c. how easy mental rotation is for humans.
d. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.
b. that imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
“Early” researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT:
a. imagery requires a special mechanism.
b. thought is impossible without an image.
c. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.
d. imagery is not required for thinking.
a. imagery requires a special mechanism.
Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?
a. The prototype approach
b. Parallel distributed processing theory
c. Enhancement due to priming
d. Semantic network theory
b. Parallel distributed processing theory
Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
A) Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
An apple is a(n) ______.
B) Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO
C) Indicate whether the following statement is true:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO
D) Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
A(n) ______ is a fruit.
Indicate whether the following statement is true:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO
The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
A semantic network
B) connectionist network
C) parallel distributed
D) processing
neural network
semantic network
______ is a “typical” member of a category.
A unit
A prototype
An exemplar
A component
A prototype
Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.
A) basic level to subordinate level
B) subordinate level to basic level
C) superordinate level to basic level
D)basic level to superordinate level
superordinate level to basic level
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Semantic network theory
Parallel distributed processing theory
The prototype approach
Enhancement due to priming
Parallel distributed processing theory
Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.
A) vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably
B) rise suddenly just; gradually rise
C) gradually rise; gradually rise
D) gradually rise; rise suddenly just
rise suddenly just; gradually rise
Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents
a single dissociation.
a mental set.
a source problem.
convergent thinking.
mental set
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
Baseball
America
Apple pie
Freedom
Freedom
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in
A. procedural memory.
B. long-term memory storage.
C. working memory.
D. long-term memory acquisition.
D. long-term memory acquisition.
Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on
a. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.
b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
c. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence.
d. the identification of a single meaning for that word.
b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.
Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, “It seemed like the song would play forever,” Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)
a.
given-new contract.
b.
age-appropriate principle.
c.
garden path model.
d.
instrument inference.
d.
instrument inference.
Consider the following sentences: “Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it.” These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
a.
global connection.
b.
garden path sequence.
c.
instrument inference.
d.
anaphoric inference.
d.
anaphoric inference.
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
a.
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
b.
identify words that are contained in sentences.
c.
separate a sentence into individual words.
d.
decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.
a.
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.
Coherence refers to the
a.
mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading.
b.
mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text.
c.
representation of the text in a reader’s mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
d.
principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context.
c.
representation of the text in a reader’s mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
According to the situation model of text processing,
a.
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
b.
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs.
c.
people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.
d.
it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations.
a.
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of “chairs” (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is
a.
prototypicality.
b.
graded membership.
c.
instance theory.
d.
family resemblance.
d.
family resemblance.
Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
a.
Prototype
b.
Definitional
c.
Network
d.
Exemplar
d.
Exemplar
- According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is
A. a mental model.
B. a categorical syllogism.
C. the law of large numbers.
D. the falsification principle.
D. the falsification principle.
The permission schema is an example of a(n)
A. pragmatic reasoning schema.
B. subjective utility.
C. opt-in procedure.
D. illusory correlation.
A. pragmatic reasoning schema.
- The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, “If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side.” Let’s say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing
A. 8 and M.
B. A and M.
C. A and 13.
D. 8 and 13.
C. A and 13.
- Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?
A. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists.
B. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C.
C. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today.
D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.
D. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night
- The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the “drinking beer” version of the Wason problem.
A. conjunction rule
B. permission schema
C. atmosphere effect
D. availability heuristic
B. permission schema
The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people’s
A. innate language abilities.
B. ability to work well with a group of others.
C. innate reasoning abilities.
D. ability to detect cheaters
D. ability to detect cheaters
Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT
A. the availability heuristic.
B. illusory correlations.
C. selective attention.
D. the falsification principle.
D. the falsification principle.
Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile’s emotions are influenced by
A. the principle of diversity.
B. confirmation bias.
C. framing.
D. the law of large numbers.
C. framing.
Physiological research on problem solving has concluded that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is important in problem solving because damage to this area causes
A. difficulty in people developing expertise in a certain area of knowledge.
B. people to lose their memory for facts that might aid in finding a solution.
C. an increase in perseveration.
D. an inability to recognize analogies.
. an increase in perseveration.
Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?
a. passive
b. deliberate
c. rapid
d. automatic
b. deliberate
The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as
a. analogical encoding
b. analogical transfer
c. insight
d. in vivo problem solving
b. analogical transfer
Mental-scanning experiments found
A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
B. a negative linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
C. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
D. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.
A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
- The validity of a syllogism depends on
A. the truth of its premises.
B. the truth of its conclusion.
C. its form.
D. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion
C. its form.
- When the “abstract” version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a “concrete” version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),
A. performance is better for the concrete task.
B. performance is better for the abstract task.
C. performance is the same for both tasks.
D. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.
A
The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the “drinking beer” version of the Wason problem.
A. conjunction rule
B. permission schema
C. atmosphere effect
D. availability heuristic
B
Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?
A. Permission schemas
B. Falsification principle
C. Social-exchange theory
D. Availability heuristic
C
Cosmides and Tooby tested participants’ ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning.
A. familiarity
B. a premise
C. validity
D. using a heuristic
A
Inductive reasoning involves
A. definite conclusions.
B. logical certainty.
C. factual premises.
D. observational premises
D
Consider the following argument:
Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning.
Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.
A. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case.
B. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence.
C. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities.
D. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.
D
At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America’s favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America’s favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text’s discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because
A. the participants were only asked one question for this poll.
B. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse.
C. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.
D. everyone in America was not asked their opinion.
C
Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, “Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can’t remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently.” Derrick’s judgment is most likely biased by a(n)
A. atmosphere effect.
B. availability heuristic.
C. focusing illusion.
D. permission schema.
B
The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the
A. representativeness heuristic.
B. availability heuristic.
C. falsification principle.
D. belief bias.
B
Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: “I had a huge ahi on my line. I fought for it for a few minutes, then my line snapped. The ahi swam away across the pond.” Greg’s friend, Matt, didn’t believe his story because Matt knew that ahi are salt-water fish and aren’t found in ponds. Greg’s account contains
A. descriptive information that is inconsistent with base rate information.
B. a belief bias.
C. inductive reasoning based on observations of multiple, specific cases.
D. a focusing illusion.
A
There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His “probability project of the day” is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,
A. he should use his coin in the large machine.
B. he should use his coin in the small machine.
C. it doesn’t make a difference which machine he uses.
D. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get.
B
Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning
A. confirmation bias.
B. utility.
C. the falsification principle.
D. the representativeness heuristic.
D
Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
A. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome.
B. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80% fat free than 20% fat.
C. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide.
D. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.
D
If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer’s judgments are biased by the operation of the
A. permission schema.
B. confirmation bias.
C. falsification principle.
D. typicality principle.
B
Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to
A. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend.
B. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball.
C. buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.
D. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course.
C
Utility refers to
A. outcomes that achieve a person’s goals.
B. how useful a reasoning process is.
C. the validity of a syllogism.
D. degree of risk aversion one has.
A
Josiah is trying to decide whether or not to take a new job in a new city. The decision is creating a lot of anxiety in him, which is an example of an
A. expected emotion.
B. immediate emotion.
C. integral immediate emotion.
D. incidental immediate emotion.
C
Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an
A. expected emotion.
B. immediate emotion.
C. integral immediate emotion.
D. incidental immediate emotion.
D
People tend to overestimate
A. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
B. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings.
C. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.
D. subjective utility values following a decision.
A
By using a(n) _____, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.
A. opt-out procedure
B. opt-in procedure
C. pragmatic reasoning schema
D. permission schema
A
Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy.
A. losses; risk-taking
B. gains; risk-taking
C. losses; risk-aversion
D. gains; risk-aversion
D
Perseveration represents difficulty in
A. automatic processing.
B. performing a task repeatedly.
C. shifting to a new behavior.
D. organizing perceptual information coherently.
C
PFC-damaged patients have trouble with reading comprehension tasks. They are unable to
A. identify events that were described in the story.
B. understand individual words.
C. follow the order of events in the story.
D. all of these
C
Let’s say you are testing a patient with damage to the prefrontal cortex. You present the patient with relationships such as the following:
Relationship #1: Alia is taller than Ian, who is taller than Mandy.
Relationship #2: Margy is taller than Michelle. Lisa is taller than Margy.
The patient’s task is to arrange the names in order of the people’s heights. The patient will perform
A. well with Relationship #1 only.
B. well with Relationship #2 only.
C. well with both relationships.
D. poorly with both relationships.
A
Sanfey and coworkers’ “ultimatum game” experiment revealed that people tended to make the ____ decision of ____.
A. irrational; accepting any offer
B. irrational; accepting only high offers
C. rational; accepting any offer
D. rational; accepting only high offers
B
In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was
A. greatest for accepted offers.
B. greatest for rejected offers.
C. the same for accepted and rejected offers.
D. dependent on how much money the responder was offered.
C
Consider the following syllogism:
If p then q.
p
q
This syllogism is a(n) ____ syllogism.
A. abstract conditional
B. concrete conditional
C. abstract categorical
D. concrete categorical
A
Consider the following syllogism:
If it’s a robin then it is a bird.
It is a bird.
Therefore, it is a robin.
In the example above, “Therefore, it is a robin” is a ____ of a ____ syllogism.
A. premise; categorical
B. conclusion; categorical
C. premise; conditional
D. conclusion; conditionaL
D
Consider the following syllogism:
All cats are birds.
All birds have wings.
All cats have wings.
This syllogism is
A. valid.
B. invalid.
C. true.
D. both valid and true
A
The validity of a syllogism depends on
A. the truth of its premises.
B. the truth of its conclusion.
C. its form.
D. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion
C
Consider the following syllogism:
Premise 1: All dogs are cats.
Premise 2: All cats say “meow.”
Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say “meow.”
Which statement below describes this syllogism?
A. Both premises are valid
B. The conclusion is valid
C. The conclusion is not valid
D. The conclusion is true
B
A syllogism is valid if
A. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.
B. the two premises and the conclusion are true.
C. there is evidence to support the two premises.
D. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.
A
Consider the following syllogism:
All of the students are tired.
Some tired people are irritable.
Some of the students are irritable.
It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as
A. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect.
B. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema.
C. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent.
D. valid because this conclusion is believable.
D
For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity?
A. Denying the antecedent
B. Denying the consequent
C. Affirming the antecedent
D. Affirming the consequent
C
If it is raining, then I will take my umbrella. It is not raining. Therefore, I didn’t take my umbrella.
This syllogism is an example of
A. denying the antecedent.
B. denying the consequent.
C. affirming the antecedent.
D. affirming the consequent.
A
Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I study, then I’ll get a good grade.
Premise 2: I didn’t study.
Conclusion: Therefore, I didn’t get a good grade.
This syllogism is an example of
A. affirming the antecedent.
B. denying the consequent.
C. denying the antecedent.
D. affirming the consequent.
C
Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I don’t eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight.
Premise 2: I ate lunch today.
Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn’t hungry tonight.
This syllogism is
A. valid.
B. invalid.
B
Consider the following conditional syllogism:
Premise 1: If I study, then I’ll get a good grade.
Premise 2: I got a good grade.
Conclusion: Therefore, I studied.
This syllogism is
A. invalid.
B. valid.
A
A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.
a.
superordinate
b.
parallel
c.
symbiotic
d.
semantic
D
One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn’t explain how humans can recognize ________.
a.
actions
b.
colors
c.
artifacts
d.
abstractions
D
In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________.
a.
loading
b.
stacking
c.
weighting
d.
crowding
D
Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
a.
Learning
b.
Prototyping
c.
Mirroring
d.
Crowding
A
1) What is the Hub and what are the Spokes in the Hub and Spokes Model?
a) Hub = Temporal Lobe, Spokes = Parietal Lobe
b) Hub = Anterior Temporal Lobe, Spokes = Distributed Cortical
c) Hub = Anterior Temporal Lobe, Spokes = Parietal Lobe
d) Hub = Temporal Lobe, Spokes = Distributed Cortical Areas
B
Which of the following is NOT true of high-prototypical objects?
a) They are generally named first when people are asked to list items in a category
b) They are more affected by priming than low-prototypical objects
c) They have high family resemblance
d) They are always categorized at the basic level
D
Which of the following best describes the “exemplar approach” ?
a) Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to the examples of members of the category
b) Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represent the category
c) Membership in a category is determined by considering whether the object meets the definition of the category
d) Membership in a category is determined by comparing the neural activities in the brain
A
What is the most correct difference between the prototype and exemplar approach to conceptual knowledge?
a) The prototype approach compares new items to a prototype, which is an average compilation of all previously experienced members of that category. The exemplar approach compares new items to actual category members that have been previously experienced
b) The exemplar approach compares new items to a prototype, which is an average compilation of all previously experienced members of that category. The prototype approach compares new items to actual category members that have been previously experienced
c) The prototype approach is used for larger, more general categories while the exemplar approach is used for small, specific categories
d) The prototype approach handles atypical items more effectively than the exemplar approach
A
