Cognitive Psychology - Long Term and Short Term Memory Structure

Question 1

one of the problems with STM is that most research emphasises what?

Answer 1

storage function

Question 2

the problem with STM led to the proposal of _______ memory

Answer 2

working

Question 3

a classic experiment by Murdock. Jr (1962) studied the distinction between STM and LTM by measuring what function?

Answer 3

serial position curve

Question 4

a serial position curve is created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after the other. After the last word, the participant writes down all the words they remember in order. Murdoch found that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence, an effect called _________ effect

Answer 4

primacy

Question 5

the better memory for words presented at the end of a sequence if called the _______ effect

Answer 5

recency

Question 6

An experiment having participants recall words presented after counting backwards for 30 seconds right after hearing the last word on the list, the results showed that counting _______ _______ and allowed information to be lost in STM

Answer 6

prevented rehearsal

Question 7

when participants begin recall after counting backward for 30 seconds, what happens to the recency effect?

Answer 7

eliminated because rehearsal is prevented

Question 8

we can distinguish between LTM and STM by comparing the way information is _______ by the two systems - the form in which stimuli are represented

Answer 8

coded

Question 9

the mental approach to coding asks how a stimulus or an experience is represented in the ______

Answer 9

mind

Question 10

the difference between the physiological approach to coding and the mental approach to coding is that the physiological approach determines how a stimulus is represented by the _______ of ______ and the mental approach asks how a stimulus is represented in the _______

Answer 10

• firing of neurons
• mind

Question 11

visual coding in ______ occurs if you are remembering a pattern by representing it visually in your mind and visual coding in _______ when you visualise a person or place from the past

Answer 11

• STM
• LTM

Question 12

auditory coding in _____ can be illustrated by the phonological similarity effect, where people often misidentify target letters as another letter that sounds like the target letter

Answer 12

STM

Question 13

auditory coding in ______ occurs when you “play” a song in your head

Answer 13

LTM

Question 14

the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information

Answer 14

proactive interference

Question 15

in the Wickens experiment, one group of subjects were presented with a the names of three different fruits on four trials. After each presentation, subjects counted backwards for 15 seconds and then attempted to recall the names of the fruits. the basic idea behind the experiment was to create ______ ______ which was illustrated by the falloff in performance on each trial

Answer 15

proactive interference

Question 16

The other group of participants in the Wickens experiment were presented with the names of three professors on trial 1, 2 and 3, and with the names of three fruits on trial 4. After each trial, they counted backwards for 15 seconds before recalling the names of each trial. The results showed that performance was high on trial 1 and then drops at trials 2 and 3, but on trial 4, performance increases - this increase in performance is called what?

Answer 16

release from proactive interference

Question 17

the Wickers experiment shows that the release from proactive interference that occurs depends on the words _______

Answer 17

categories

Question 18

Sach demonstrated semantic coding in LTM by having participants listen to a tape recording of a passage and then measured their recognition memory to determine whether they remembered the exact wording of sentences in the passage or just the general meaning of the passage - the results from the experiment showed that participants remembered the sentences ______ but not the exact wording

Answer 18

meaning

Question 19

__________ memory is the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier

Answer 19

recognition

Question 20

an example of measuring _______ memory is a multiple choice exam

Answer 20

recognition

Question 21

an example of measuring _______ is a fill in the blank exam question

Answer 21

recall

Question 22

holding an image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen is an example of _______ coding in _______ memory

Answer 22

• visual
• short term

Question 23

Representing the sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them is an example of _____ coding in ______ memory

Answer 23

• auditory
• STM

Question 24

Placing words in an STM task into categories based on their meaning is an example of ______ coding in STM

Answer 24

semantic

Question 25

Visualizing what the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., looked like when you saw it last summer, is an example of ______ coding in ______ memory

Answer 25

• visual
• long term

Question 26

Repeating a song you have heard many times before, over and over in your mind, is an example of ______ coding in ______ memory

Answer 26

• auditory
• long term

Question 27

Recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week is an example of _____ coding in ______ memory

Answer 27

• semantic
• long term

Question 28

According to tulving, the defining property of experience in episodic memory is that it involves what?

Answer 28

mental time travel

Question 29

_______ memory is memory for experiences

Answer 29

episodic

Question 30

_____ memory is memory for facts

Answer 30

semantic

Question 31

Tulving describes the experience of mental time travel in episodic memory as what?

Answer 31

self knowing/remembering

Question 32

when we experience ______ memory, we are accessing things we are familiar with and know about

Answer 32

semantic

Question 33

tulving describes the experience of semantic memory as _______

Answer 33

knowing

Question 34

memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.

Answer 34

autobiographical memory

Question 35

the following memory “When I met Gil and Mary at the Le Buzz coffee shop yesterday, we sat at our favorite table, which is located near the window, but which is hard to get in the morning when Le Buzz is busy” what is the semantic components?

Answer 35

Le Buzz is a coffee shop; the table near the window is our favorite one; that table is difficult to get in the morning

Question 36

the semantic components of autobiographical memories are called what?

Answer 36

personal semantic memories

Question 37

semantic memories involving personal episodes, for example- you recall the name of a popular singer (semantic information) because you attended one of his or her concerts (episodic experience) than if you just knew about the singer because he or she was a famous person. - Westmacott and Moscovitch call this _____ ______ semantic memories

Answer 37

autobiographically significant

Question 38

results of the remember/know procedure in which participants were presented with descriptions of events that occured over a 50 year period to older adults, found that complete forgetting increased over time, but remember responses decreased much more than know responses, indicating a loss of episodic details for memories of long ago events - the result illustrated what?

Answer 38

semanticization of remote memories

Question 39

according to this hypothesis, episodic memories are extracted and recombine to construct simulations of future events

Answer 39

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Question 40

explicit memories are divided into what?

Answer 40

• episodic
• semantic

Question 41

memories we are aware of

Answer 41

explicit memory

Question 42

implicit memories can be divided into what?

Answer 42

• procedural
• priming
• conditioning

Question 43

memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills

Answer 43

procedural memory

Question 44

An expert, who is extremely well practiced at a particular skill, carries out the action. It is so well practiced that it happens automatically, much like a concert pianist’s fingers move almost magically across the keys. The result of this automatic action is that when asked about what they did in carrying out a skilled action, the expert often has no idea

Answer 44

expert induced amnesia

Question 45

seeing the word bird may cause you to respond more quickly to a later presentation of the word bird than to a word you have not seen, even though you may not remember seeing bird earlier.

Answer 45

repetition priming

Question 46

Untrue information (i.e. fake news) presented repeatedly on social media is sometimes accepted as being factual, is an example of what?

Answer 46

propaganda effect

Question 47

if all you saw were movies depicting that law enforcement is corrupt and evil, without ever having other exposure to law enforcement, you may be more conditioned to believe it is true.

Answer 47

propaganda effect

Question 48

what is attributed to recall of information stored in long term memory?

Answer 48

primacy effect

Question 49

neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably are caused by different mechanisms that act ___________

Answer 49

independently

Question 50

coding refers to the ______ in which stimuli are represented

Answer 50

form

Question 51

HM, underwent surgery for seizures had his __________ removed on both sides of hiw brain

Answer 51

hippocampus

Question 52

the significant of the memory function of HM, was that his _______remained intact, but his _______ was impaired

Answer 52

• STM
• LTM

Question 53

the serial position curve is associated with ________ memory

Answer 53

short term

Question 54

results of experiments show that the hippocampus play a role in what?

Answer 54

both LTM and STM

Question 55

many researchers have concluded that although there is good evidence for the separation of short-term memory and long-term memory, there is also evidence that these functions are not as separated as previously thought, especially for tasks involving ______ stimuli.

Answer 55

• novel

Question 56

the case of KC who had severe damage to his hippocampus, still is aware of of the fact that his bother died 2 years ago, but he does not remember how he heard about his brothers death or how he experienced his funeral. this case shows that KCs ________ memory remained intact but his ______ memory was lost

Answer 56

• semantic
• episodic

Question 57

mind wandering is associated with activation in the ________ and occurs as much as half the time during waking hours

Answer 57

default mode network

Question 58

recent research has shown that damage to the DMN can cause problems in retrieving ___________ memories

Answer 58

autobiographical

Question 59

a positive role for mind wandering is that when mind wandering occurs, people are more likely to think about the ________ than about the past or the present

Answer 59

future

Question 60

patient HM practiced a task called mirror drawing, who became good at it, but he always thought he was practising mirror drawing for the first time due to his inability to form LTM, illustrates the ______ nature of ______ memory

Answer 60

implicit nature
- procedural memory

Question 61

the knowledge that makes up your semantic memories is initially attained through personal experiences that are the basis of episodic memories, but your memory for these experiences often fades, and only semantic memory remains.

Answer 61

semanticization of remote memories