Cognitive Psychology - Long Term and Short Term Memory Structure Flashcards
one of the problems with STM is that most research emphasises what?
storage function
the problem with STM led to the proposal of _______ memory
working
a classic experiment by Murdock. Jr (1962) studied the distinction between STM and LTM by measuring what function?
serial position curve
a serial position curve is created by presenting a list of words to a participant, one after the other. After the last word, the participant writes down all the words they remember in order. Murdoch found that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence, an effect called _________ effect
primacy
the better memory for words presented at the end of a sequence if called the _______ effect
recency
An experiment having participants recall words presented after counting backwards for 30 seconds right after hearing the last word on the list, the results showed that counting _______ _______ and allowed information to be lost in STM
prevented rehearsal
when participants begin recall after counting backward for 30 seconds, what happens to the recency effect?
eliminated because rehearsal is prevented
we can distinguish between LTM and STM by comparing the way information is _______ by the two systems - the form in which stimuli are represented
coded
the mental approach to coding asks how a stimulus or an experience is represented in the ______
mind
the difference between the physiological approach to coding and the mental approach to coding is that the physiological approach determines how a stimulus is represented by the _______ of ______ and the mental approach asks how a stimulus is represented in the _______
- firing of neurons
- mind
visual coding in ______ occurs if you are remembering a pattern by representing it visually in your mind and visual coding in _______ when you visualise a person or place from the past
- STM
- LTM
auditory coding in _____ can be illustrated by the phonological similarity effect, where people often misidentify target letters as another letter that sounds like the target letter
STM
auditory coding in ______ occurs when you “play” a song in your head
LTM
the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information
proactive interference
in the Wickens experiment, one group of subjects were presented with a the names of three different fruits on four trials. After each presentation, subjects counted backwards for 15 seconds and then attempted to recall the names of the fruits. the basic idea behind the experiment was to create ______ ______ which was illustrated by the falloff in performance on each trial
proactive interference
The other group of participants in the Wickens experiment were presented with the names of three professors on trial 1, 2 and 3, and with the names of three fruits on trial 4. After each trial, they counted backwards for 15 seconds before recalling the names of each trial. The results showed that performance was high on trial 1 and then drops at trials 2 and 3, but on trial 4, performance increases - this increase in performance is called what?
release from proactive interference
the Wickers experiment shows that the release from proactive interference that occurs depends on the words _______
categories
Sach demonstrated semantic coding in LTM by having participants listen to a tape recording of a passage and then measured their recognition memory to determine whether they remembered the exact wording of sentences in the passage or just the general meaning of the passage - the results from the experiment showed that participants remembered the sentences ______ but not the exact wording
meaning
__________ memory is the identification of a stimulus that was encountered earlier
recognition
an example of measuring _______ memory is a multiple choice exam
recognition
an example of measuring _______ is a fill in the blank exam question
recall
holding an image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen is an example of _______ coding in _______ memory
- visual
- short term
Representing the sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them is an example of _____ coding in ______ memory
- auditory
- STM
Placing words in an STM task into categories based on their meaning is an example of ______ coding in STM
semantic
Visualizing what the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., looked like when you saw it last summer, is an example of ______ coding in ______ memory
- visual
- long term
Repeating a song you have heard many times before, over and over in your mind, is an example of ______ coding in ______ memory
- auditory
- long term
Recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week is an example of _____ coding in ______ memory
- semantic
- long term
According to tulving, the defining property of experience in episodic memory is that it involves what?
mental time travel
_______ memory is memory for experiences
episodic
_____ memory is memory for facts
semantic
Tulving describes the experience of mental time travel in episodic memory as what?
self knowing/remembering
when we experience ______ memory, we are accessing things we are familiar with and know about
semantic
tulving describes the experience of semantic memory as _______
knowing
memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.
autobiographical memory
the following memory “When I met Gil and Mary at the Le Buzz coffee shop yesterday, we sat at our favorite table, which is located near the window, but which is hard to get in the morning when Le Buzz is busy” what is the semantic components?
Le Buzz is a coffee shop; the table near the window is our favorite one; that table is difficult to get in the morning
the semantic components of autobiographical memories are called what?
personal semantic memories
semantic memories involving personal episodes, for example- you recall the name of a popular singer (semantic information) because you attended one of his or her concerts (episodic experience) than if you just knew about the singer because he or she was a famous person. - Westmacott and Moscovitch call this _____ ______ semantic memories
autobiographically significant
results of the remember/know procedure in which participants were presented with descriptions of events that occured over a 50 year period to older adults, found that complete forgetting increased over time, but remember responses decreased much more than know responses, indicating a loss of episodic details for memories of long ago events - the result illustrated what?
semanticization of remote memories
according to this hypothesis, episodic memories are extracted and recombine to construct simulations of future events
constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
explicit memories are divided into what?
- episodic
- semantic
memories we are aware of
explicit memory
implicit memories can be divided into what?
- procedural
- priming
- conditioning
memory for doing things that usually involve learned skills
procedural memory
An expert, who is extremely well practiced at a particular skill, carries out the action. It is so well practiced that it happens automatically, much like a concert pianist’s fingers move almost magically across the keys. The result of this automatic action is that when asked about what they did in carrying out a skilled action, the expert often has no idea
expert induced amnesia
seeing the word bird may cause you to respond more quickly to a later presentation of the word bird than to a word you have not seen, even though you may not remember seeing bird earlier.
repetition priming
Untrue information (i.e. fake news) presented repeatedly on social media is sometimes accepted as being factual, is an example of what?
propaganda effect
if all you saw were movies depicting that law enforcement is corrupt and evil, without ever having other exposure to law enforcement, you may be more conditioned to believe it is true.
propaganda effect
what is attributed to recall of information stored in long term memory?
primacy effect
neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably are caused by different mechanisms that act ___________
independently
coding refers to the ______ in which stimuli are represented
form
HM, underwent surgery for seizures had his __________ removed on both sides of hiw brain
hippocampus
the significant of the memory function of HM, was that his _______remained intact, but his _______ was impaired
- STM
- LTM
the serial position curve is associated with ________ memory
short term
results of experiments show that the hippocampus play a role in what?
both LTM and STM
many researchers have concluded that although there is good evidence for the separation of short-term memory and long-term memory, there is also evidence that these functions are not as separated as previously thought, especially for tasks involving ______ stimuli.
- novel
the case of KC who had severe damage to his hippocampus, still is aware of of the fact that his bother died 2 years ago, but he does not remember how he heard about his brothers death or how he experienced his funeral. this case shows that KCs ________ memory remained intact but his ______ memory was lost
- semantic
- episodic
mind wandering is associated with activation in the ________ and occurs as much as half the time during waking hours
default mode network
recent research has shown that damage to the DMN can cause problems in retrieving ___________ memories
autobiographical
a positive role for mind wandering is that when mind wandering occurs, people are more likely to think about the ________ than about the past or the present
future
patient HM practiced a task called mirror drawing, who became good at it, but he always thought he was practising mirror drawing for the first time due to his inability to form LTM, illustrates the ______ nature of ______ memory
implicit nature
- procedural memory
the knowledge that makes up your semantic memories is initially attained through personal experiences that are the basis of episodic memories, but your memory for these experiences often fades, and only semantic memory remains.
semanticization of remote memories
