Cognitive Psychology- Attention Flashcards
In a dichotic listening experiment, the participants task is to focus on the message in one ear and to repeat what they are hearing out loud. The procedure of repeating words as they are heard is called ______
shadowing
the amount of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information
processing capacity
tasks that are well practiced and easy are _______ load tasks
low
tasks that are difficult and not well practiced are _______ load tasks
high
carrying out a _____ load task leaves processing capacity available to process task-irrelevant stimuli
low
the physical properties of the stimulus, such as colour, contrast or movement
stimulus salience
an experiment that determines whether presenting a cue indicating where a a test stimulus will appear enhances the processing of the target stimulus
precueing
an effect that occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene
attentional warping
A procedure that was developed to answer the question, “what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior?” One way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day
experience sampling
The question of how an object’s individual features become bound together, which is called the binding problem, has been addressed by Anne Treisman’s ________ ________ theory.
feature integration
According to feature integration theory, what are the two stages of processing that occur ?
- preattentive
- focused attention
what are the two factors Lavie considers when determining how people ignore distracting stimuli when they are trying to focus their attention on a task?
- processing capacity
- perceptual load
we combine physical characteristics such as colour, orientation and intensity at each location in a scene to create what?
saliency map
an effect that typically shows that participants respond faster and more accurately regarding two stimuli or feature when enhancement spreads within the object
same object
an important feature of brain maps is an effect that occurs when a person is on the lookout for vehicles, the brain becomes tuned so that large areas respond best to vehicles and things related to vehicles
attentinal warping
Even though you think you are paying attention to the road, you fail to notice a car swerve into your lane of traffic, resulting in a traffic accident is an example of what?
inattentional blindness
a task which participants scan a scene to find specific objects
visual search
when participants are doing a visual search task, and presented with a hard task, they were not able to detect a tone when engaged in searching for specific objects in the scene
inattentional deafness
a procedure used to demonstrate lack of attention in which one picture is presented followed by another picture, and the task is determine what the difference is between the two pictures
change detection
difficulty detecting changes in similar, but slightly different scenes that are presented in a change detection task. these changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention
change blindness
In film, changes that occur from one scene to another that do not match, such as when a character reaches for a croissant in one shot, which turns into a pancake in the next shot.
continuity errors
the process by which features such as colour, form, motion and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object
binding
the combination of features from different stimuli
illusionary conjunctions
a type of visual search task used to studying the role of attention in binding where participants have to search for a combination of two or more features in the same stimulus
conjunction search
what are the two different networks revealed by imaging experiments in which participants carried out tasks involving salience or involving top down processing?
- ventral attention network
- dorsal attention network
the ______ attention network controls attention based on salience
ventral
the _______ attention network controls attention based on top-down processes
dorsal
_______ connectivity refers to how easily activity can travel along a particular pathway
effective
________ Occurs when neural responses become synchronized in time, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes.
Synchronization
It has been proposed that this mechanism is responsible for enhanced effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention
Synchronization
The network is responsible for
executive functions.
executive attention network
flow in attention systems changes depending on whether attention is being controlled by stimulus salience or by top-down factors, with more flow in the ventral network for controlled by _______ and more in the dorsal network when flow is controlled by ________
- salience
- top-down factors
Different tasks don’t just shift activity from one pathway to an-other. They also change the ________ connectivity between different areas in a network.
effective connectivity
the basic road systems of the brain remain the same, but the flow becomes easier in certain directions, depending on _____ and this is what happens for attention when the effective connectivity between different structures in a network changed depending on ________
conditions
conditions
synchronisation is a mechanism that has been suggested to explain how _________ connectivity changes
effective
