Cognitive Psychology- Everyday Memories and Memory Errors

Question 1

memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both semantic and episodic components

Answer 1

autobiographical memory

Question 2

the enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40 is called what?

Answer 2

reminiscence bump

Question 3

how many hypothesis are described in the text, which are all based on the idea that special life events happen during adolescence and young adulthood (i.e. the reminiscence bump) ?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

the hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump proposes that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a persons self image or life identity is being formed

Answer 4

self image hypothesis

Question 5

this hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump was based on results of experiments in which participants in late adulthood created “I am” statements that they felt defined them as a person

Answer 5

self image hypothesis

Question 6

the hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump by proposing that periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories

Answer 6

cognitive hypothesis

Question 7

the hypothesis hat explains the reminiscence bump by distinguishing between a persons life story, which is all the events that have occured in a person’s life, and all the culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the life span

Answer 7

cultural script hypothesis

Question 8

hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump by rapid changes such as going away to school, getting married and starting a career in adolescence and young adulthood are followed by relative stability in adult life

Answer 8

cognitive hypothesis

Question 9

all of the culturally expected events that have occured in a persons life

Answer 9

cultural life script

Question 10

a tendency for the most notable public events in a persons life to be perceived to occur when the person is young

Answer 10

youth bias

Question 11

the phenomenon of youth bias is related to what hypothesis?

Answer 11

cultural life script

Question 12

memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about a shocking, highly charged event

Answer 12

flashbulb memory

Question 13

a technique of comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after an event

Answer 13

repeated recall

Question 14

technique that determines whether memory changes over time by testing participants a number of times after an event. The person’s memory is first measured immediately after a stimulus is presented or something happens. Days, months, or years later, when participants are asked to remember what happened, their reports are compared to this baseline. This use of a baseline provides a way to check the consistency of later reports.

Answer 14

repeated recall

Question 15

the hypothesis which states that we may remember events like 9/11 not because of special mechanisms but because we rehearse these events after they occur

Answer 15

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Question 16

the _________ nature of memory explain that people report may not match what actually happened, or may omit things and distort or change things that happened or event report things that never happend at all

Answer 16

constructive

Question 17

a person’s knowledge, experiences and expectations are additional factors that people report as memories are _______

Answer 17

constructed

Question 18

the process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge or beleifs

Answer 18

source monitoring

Question 19

you decide it was the review that you read online where you first heard about a movie, but in reality you first heard if from your friend, what error have you committed?

Answer 19

source error

Question 20

source monitoring errors are also called source ________ because the memory is attributed to the wrong source

Answer 20

misattributions

Question 21

a source monitoring error in which you unconsciously plagiarize the work of others

Answer 21

cryptomnesia

Question 22

familiarity causes an error called ______ _______ ______ - where the enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation

Answer 22

illusory truth effect

Question 23

__________ the ease with which statements can be remembered influenced peoples judgements, was proposed by Fazio in explaining why repetition increases perceived truthfulness

Answer 23

fluency

Question 24

Bartlett used this technique after presentation of a story. the task involved that participants trying to remember the story at longer and longer intervals after they have first read it

Answer 24

repeated reproduction

Question 25

In Bartletts experiment using repeated reproduction, the most significant result in what the participants remembered about the original story was that it reflected what?

Answer 25

participants own culture

Question 26

word changes which occur when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or implied by the sentence

Answer 26

pragmatic inference

Question 27

a person’s knowledge about some aspect of the environemnt

Answer 27

schema

Question 28

a type of schema in which our conception of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience

Answer 28

script

Question 29

a procedure developed by cognitive psychologists which involved letting a witness talk with minimum interruption and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate emotions and feelings

Answer 29

cognitive interview

Question 30

the ability of odours spontaneously to cue autobiographical memories which are highly vivid, affectively toned and very old.

Answer 30

Proust effect

Question 31

reading the sentence “the children’s snowman vanished when the temperature reached 80” but when asked to fill in the blank and error occurs and “vanished” becomes “melted”

Answer 31

pragmatic inference

Question 32

reading that a baby stayed awake all night that does not include information about crying, but knowledge about babies lead to you inferring that the baby was crying

Answer 32

pragmatic inference

Question 33

being in an office and going into another room and asked to write down what you remembered seeing in the office, and including things that were not there but fit what you infer about what you remember.

Answer 33

schema

Question 34

Sarah watched a magic show and was amazed when the magician made a rabbit disappear. Later, a friend told her that the magician had actually made a parrot disappear. Over time, Sarah’s memory of the magic trick shifted, and she began to recall seeing a parrot disappear instead of a rabbit.

Answer 34

misinformation effect

Question 35

A witness to a crime is looking through a one-way window at a lineup of six men standing on a stage. The police officer says, “Which one of these men did it?”

Answer 35

suggestive questioning

Question 36

autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any specific day in their past

Answer 36

highly superior autobiographical

Question 37

inference based on knowledge gained through experience

Answer 37

pragmatic

Question 38

misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later.

Answer 38

misinformation effect

Question 39

memories that have been pushed out of the person’s consciousness

Answer 39

repressed childhood memories

Question 40

Jacobys experiment, in which participants made judgements about whether they had previously seen the names of famous people and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occured after a delay of what?

Answer 40

24 hours

Question 41

which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

a) police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections

b) police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

c) police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses when the witnesses give information consistent with what what is in the police file

d) police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable

Answer 41

b) police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer