Cognitive Psychology- Everyday Memories and Memory Errors Flashcards
memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both semantic and episodic components
autobiographical memory
the enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40 is called what?
reminiscence bump
how many hypothesis are described in the text, which are all based on the idea that special life events happen during adolescence and young adulthood (i.e. the reminiscence bump) ?
3
the hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump proposes that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a persons self image or life identity is being formed
self image hypothesis
this hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump was based on results of experiments in which participants in late adulthood created “I am” statements that they felt defined them as a person
self image hypothesis
the hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump by proposing that periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories
cognitive hypothesis
the hypothesis hat explains the reminiscence bump by distinguishing between a persons life story, which is all the events that have occured in a person’s life, and all the culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the life span
cultural script hypothesis
hypothesis that explains the reminiscence bump by rapid changes such as going away to school, getting married and starting a career in adolescence and young adulthood are followed by relative stability in adult life
cognitive hypothesis
all of the culturally expected events that have occured in a persons life
cultural life script
a tendency for the most notable public events in a persons life to be perceived to occur when the person is young
youth bias
the phenomenon of youth bias is related to what hypothesis?
cultural life script
memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about a shocking, highly charged event
flashbulb memory
a technique of comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after an event
repeated recall
technique that determines whether memory changes over time by testing participants a number of times after an event. The person’s memory is first measured immediately after a stimulus is presented or something happens. Days, months, or years later, when participants are asked to remember what happened, their reports are compared to this baseline. This use of a baseline provides a way to check the consistency of later reports.
repeated recall
the hypothesis which states that we may remember events like 9/11 not because of special mechanisms but because we rehearse these events after they occur
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
the _________ nature of memory explain that people report may not match what actually happened, or may omit things and distort or change things that happened or event report things that never happend at all
constructive
a person’s knowledge, experiences and expectations are additional factors that people report as memories are _______
constructed
the process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge or beleifs
source monitoring
you decide it was the review that you read online where you first heard about a movie, but in reality you first heard if from your friend, what error have you committed?
source error
source monitoring errors are also called source ________ because the memory is attributed to the wrong source
misattributions
a source monitoring error in which you unconsciously plagiarize the work of others
cryptomnesia
familiarity causes an error called ______ _______ ______ - where the enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation
illusory truth effect
__________ the ease with which statements can be remembered influenced peoples judgements, was proposed by Fazio in explaining why repetition increases perceived truthfulness
fluency
Bartlett used this technique after presentation of a story. the task involved that participants trying to remember the story at longer and longer intervals after they have first read it
repeated reproduction
In Bartletts experiment using repeated reproduction, the most significant result in what the participants remembered about the original story was that it reflected what?
participants own culture
word changes which occur when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or implied by the sentence
pragmatic inference
a person’s knowledge about some aspect of the environemnt
schema
a type of schema in which our conception of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience
script
a procedure developed by cognitive psychologists which involved letting a witness talk with minimum interruption and also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate emotions and feelings
cognitive interview
the ability of odours spontaneously to cue autobiographical memories which are highly vivid, affectively toned and very old.
Proust effect
reading the sentence “the children’s snowman vanished when the temperature reached 80” but when asked to fill in the blank and error occurs and “vanished” becomes “melted”
pragmatic inference
reading that a baby stayed awake all night that does not include information about crying, but knowledge about babies lead to you inferring that the baby was crying
pragmatic inference
being in an office and going into another room and asked to write down what you remembered seeing in the office, and including things that were not there but fit what you infer about what you remember.
schema
Sarah watched a magic show and was amazed when the magician made a rabbit disappear. Later, a friend told her that the magician had actually made a parrot disappear. Over time, Sarah’s memory of the magic trick shifted, and she began to recall seeing a parrot disappear instead of a rabbit.
misinformation effect
A witness to a crime is looking through a one-way window at a lineup of six men standing on a stage. The police officer says, “Which one of these men did it?”
suggestive questioning
autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any specific day in their past
highly superior autobiographical
inference based on knowledge gained through experience
pragmatic
misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes that event later.
misinformation effect
memories that have been pushed out of the person’s consciousness
repressed childhood memories
Jacobys experiment, in which participants made judgements about whether they had previously seen the names of famous people and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occured after a delay of what?
24 hours
which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
a) police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections
b) police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer
c) police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses when the witnesses give information consistent with what what is in the police file
d) police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable
b) police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer
